/- Copyright (c) 2016 Michael Shulman. All rights reserved. Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE. Authors: Michael Shulman, Floris van Doorn -/ import homotopy.LES_of_homotopy_groups .splice homotopy.susp ..move_to_lib ..colim ..pointed_pi open eq nat int susp pointed pmap sigma is_equiv equiv fiber algebra trunc trunc_index pi group seq_colim succ_str /--------------------- Basic definitions ---------------------/ /- The basic definitions of spectra and prespectra make sense for any successor-structure. -/ structure gen_prespectrum (N : succ_str) := (deloop : N → Type*) (glue : Π(n:N), (deloop n) →* (Ω (deloop (S n)))) attribute gen_prespectrum.deloop [coercion] structure is_spectrum [class] {N : succ_str} (E : gen_prespectrum N) := (is_equiv_glue : Πn, is_equiv (gen_prespectrum.glue E n)) attribute is_spectrum.is_equiv_glue [instance] structure gen_spectrum (N : succ_str) := (to_prespectrum : gen_prespectrum N) (to_is_spectrum : is_spectrum to_prespectrum) attribute gen_spectrum.to_prespectrum [coercion] attribute gen_spectrum.to_is_spectrum [instance] -- Classically, spectra and prespectra use the successor structure +ℕ. -- But we will use +ℤ instead, to reduce case analysis later on. abbreviation prespectrum := gen_prespectrum +ℤ abbreviation prespectrum.mk := @gen_prespectrum.mk +ℤ abbreviation spectrum := gen_spectrum +ℤ abbreviation spectrum.mk := @gen_spectrum.mk +ℤ namespace spectrum definition glue {{N : succ_str}} := @gen_prespectrum.glue N --definition glue := (@gen_prespectrum.glue +ℤ) definition equiv_glue {N : succ_str} (E : gen_prespectrum N) [H : is_spectrum E] (n:N) : (E n) ≃* (Ω (E (S n))) := pequiv_of_pmap (glue E n) (is_spectrum.is_equiv_glue E n) -- a square when we compose glue with transporting over a path in N definition glue_ptransport {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) {n n' : N} (p : n = n') : glue X n' ∘* ptransport X p ~* Ω→ (ptransport X (ap S p)) ∘* glue X n := by induction p; exact !pcompose_pid ⬝* !pid_pcompose⁻¹* ⬝* pwhisker_right _ !ap1_pid⁻¹* -- Sometimes an ℕ-indexed version does arise naturally, however, so -- we give a standard way to extend an ℕ-indexed (pre)spectrum to a -- ℤ-indexed one. definition psp_of_nat_indexed [constructor] (E : gen_prespectrum +ℕ) : gen_prespectrum +ℤ := gen_prespectrum.mk (λ(n:ℤ), match n with | of_nat k := E k | neg_succ_of_nat k := Ω[succ k] (E 0) end) begin intros n, cases n with n n: esimp, { exact (gen_prespectrum.glue E n) }, cases n with n, { exact (pid _) }, { exact (pid _) } end definition is_spectrum_of_nat_indexed [instance] (E : gen_prespectrum +ℕ) [H : is_spectrum E] : is_spectrum (psp_of_nat_indexed E) := begin apply is_spectrum.mk, intros n, cases n with n n: esimp, { apply is_spectrum.is_equiv_glue }, cases n with n: apply is_equiv_id end protected definition of_nat_indexed (E : gen_prespectrum +ℕ) [H : is_spectrum E] : spectrum := spectrum.mk (psp_of_nat_indexed E) (is_spectrum_of_nat_indexed E) -- In fact, a (pre)spectrum indexed on any pointed successor structure -- gives rise to one indexed on +ℕ, so in this sense +ℤ is a -- "universal" successor structure for indexing spectra. definition succ_str.of_nat {N : succ_str} (z : N) : ℕ → N | succ_str.of_nat zero := z | succ_str.of_nat (succ k) := S (succ_str.of_nat k) definition psp_of_gen_indexed [constructor] {N : succ_str} (z : N) (E : gen_prespectrum N) : gen_prespectrum +ℤ := psp_of_nat_indexed (gen_prespectrum.mk (λn, E (succ_str.of_nat z n)) (λn, gen_prespectrum.glue E (succ_str.of_nat z n))) definition is_spectrum_of_gen_indexed [instance] {N : succ_str} (z : N) (E : gen_prespectrum N) [H : is_spectrum E] : is_spectrum (psp_of_gen_indexed z E) := begin apply is_spectrum_of_nat_indexed, apply is_spectrum.mk, intros n, esimp, apply is_spectrum.is_equiv_glue end protected definition of_gen_indexed [constructor] {N : succ_str} (z : N) (E : gen_spectrum N) : spectrum := spectrum.mk (psp_of_gen_indexed z E) (is_spectrum_of_gen_indexed z E) -- Generally it's easiest to define a spectrum by giving 'equiv's -- directly. This works for any indexing succ_str. protected definition MK [constructor] {N : succ_str} (deloop : N → Type*) (glue : Π(n:N), (deloop n) ≃* (Ω (deloop (S n)))) : gen_spectrum N := gen_spectrum.mk (gen_prespectrum.mk deloop (λ(n:N), glue n)) (begin apply is_spectrum.mk, intros n, esimp, apply pequiv.to_is_equiv -- Why doesn't typeclass inference find this? end) -- Finally, we combine them and give a way to produce a (ℤ-)spectrum from a ℕ-indexed family of 'equiv's. protected definition Mk [constructor] (deloop : ℕ → Type*) (glue : Π(n:ℕ), (deloop n) ≃* (Ω (deloop (nat.succ n)))) : spectrum := spectrum.of_nat_indexed (spectrum.MK deloop glue) ------------------------------ -- Maps and homotopies of (pre)spectra ------------------------------ -- These make sense for any succ_str. structure smap {N : succ_str} (E F : gen_prespectrum N) := (to_fun : Π(n:N), E n →* F n) (glue_square : Π(n:N), glue F n ∘* to_fun n ~* Ω→ (to_fun (S n)) ∘* glue E n) open smap infix ` →ₛ `:30 := smap attribute smap.to_fun [coercion] -- A version of 'glue_square' in the spectrum case that uses 'equiv_glue' definition sglue_square {N : succ_str} {E F : gen_spectrum N} (f : E →ₛ F) (n : N) : equiv_glue F n ∘* f n ~* Ω→ (f (S n)) ∘* equiv_glue E n -- I guess this manual eta-expansion is necessary because structures lack definitional eta? := phomotopy.mk (glue_square f n) (to_homotopy_pt (glue_square f n)) definition sid {N : succ_str} (E : gen_spectrum N) : E →ₛ E := smap.mk (λn, pid (E n)) (λn, calc glue E n ∘* pid (E n) ~* glue E n : pcompose_pid ... ~* pid (Ω(E (S n))) ∘* glue E n : pid_pcompose ... ~* Ω→(pid (E (S n))) ∘* glue E n : pwhisker_right (glue E n) ap1_pid⁻¹*) definition scompose {N : succ_str} {X Y Z : gen_prespectrum N} (g : Y →ₛ Z) (f : X →ₛ Y) : X →ₛ Z := smap.mk (λn, g n ∘* f n) (λn, calc glue Z n ∘* to_fun g n ∘* to_fun f n ~* (glue Z n ∘* to_fun g n) ∘* to_fun f n : passoc ... ~* (Ω→(to_fun g (S n)) ∘* glue Y n) ∘* to_fun f n : pwhisker_right (to_fun f n) (glue_square g n) ... ~* Ω→(to_fun g (S n)) ∘* (glue Y n ∘* to_fun f n) : passoc ... ~* Ω→(to_fun g (S n)) ∘* (Ω→ (f (S n)) ∘* glue X n) : pwhisker_left (Ω→(to_fun g (S n))) (glue_square f n) ... ~* (Ω→(to_fun g (S n)) ∘* Ω→(f (S n))) ∘* glue X n : passoc ... ~* Ω→(to_fun g (S n) ∘* to_fun f (S n)) ∘* glue X n : pwhisker_right (glue X n) (ap1_pcompose _ _)) infixr ` ∘ₛ `:60 := scompose definition szero [constructor] {N : succ_str} (E F : gen_prespectrum N) : E →ₛ F := smap.mk (λn, pconst (E n) (F n)) (λn, calc glue F n ∘* pconst (E n) (F n) ~* pconst (E n) (Ω(F (S n))) : pcompose_pconst ... ~* pconst (Ω(E (S n))) (Ω(F (S n))) ∘* glue E n : pconst_pcompose ... ~* Ω→(pconst (E (S n)) (F (S n))) ∘* glue E n : pwhisker_right (glue E n) (ap1_pconst _ _)) definition stransport [constructor] {N : succ_str} {A : Type} {a a' : A} (p : a = a') (E : A → gen_prespectrum N) : E a →ₛ E a' := smap.mk (λn, ptransport (λa, E a n) p) begin intro n, induction p, exact !pcompose_pid ⬝* !pid_pcompose⁻¹* ⬝* pwhisker_right _ !ap1_pid⁻¹*, end structure shomotopy {N : succ_str} {E F : gen_prespectrum N} (f g : E →ₛ F) := (to_phomotopy : Πn, f n ~* g n) (glue_homotopy : Πn, pwhisker_left (glue F n) (to_phomotopy n) ⬝* glue_square g n = -- Ideally this should be a "phomotopy2" glue_square f n ⬝* pwhisker_right (glue E n) (ap1_phomotopy (to_phomotopy (S n)))) infix ` ~ₛ `:50 := shomotopy ------------------------------ -- Suspension prespectra ------------------------------ -- This should probably go in 'susp' definition psuspn : ℕ → Type* → Type* | psuspn 0 X := X | psuspn (succ n) X := psusp (psuspn n X) -- Suspension prespectra are one that's naturally indexed on the natural numbers definition psp_susp (X : Type*) : gen_prespectrum +ℕ := gen_prespectrum.mk (λn, psuspn n X) (λn, loop_psusp_unit (psuspn n X)) /- Truncations -/ -- We could truncate prespectra too, but since the operation -- preserves spectra and isn't "correct" acting on prespectra -- without spectrifying them first anyway, why bother? definition strunc (k : ℕ₋₂) (E : spectrum) : spectrum := spectrum.Mk (λ(n:ℕ), ptrunc (k + n) (E n)) (λ(n:ℕ), (loop_ptrunc_pequiv (k + n) (E (succ n)))⁻¹ᵉ* ∘*ᵉ (ptrunc_pequiv_ptrunc (k + n) (equiv_glue E (int.of_nat n)))) /--------------------- Homotopy groups ---------------------/ -- Here we start to reap the rewards of using ℤ-indexing: we can -- read off the homotopy groups without any tedious case-analysis of -- n. We increment by 2 in order to ensure that they are all -- automatically abelian groups. definition shomotopy_group [constructor] (n : ℤ) (E : spectrum) : AbGroup := πag[2] (E (2 - n)) notation `πₛ[`:95 n:0 `]`:0 := shomotopy_group n definition shomotopy_group_fun [constructor] (n : ℤ) {E F : spectrum} (f : E →ₛ F) : πₛ[n] E →g πₛ[n] F := π→g[2] (f (2 - n)) notation `πₛ→[`:95 n:0 `]`:0 := shomotopy_group_fun n /------------------------------- Cotensor of spectra by types -------------------------------/ -- Makes sense for any indexing succ_str. Could be done for -- prespectra too, but as with truncation, why bother? definition sp_cotensor {N : succ_str} (A : Type*) (B : gen_spectrum N) : gen_spectrum N := spectrum.MK (λn, ppmap A (B n)) (λn, (loop_pmap_commute A (B (S n)))⁻¹ᵉ* ∘*ᵉ (pequiv_ppcompose_left (equiv_glue B n))) ---------------------------------------- -- Sections of parametrized spectra ---------------------------------------- -- this definition must be changed to use dependent maps respecting the basepoint, presumably -- definition spi {N : succ_str} (A : Type) (E : A -> gen_spectrum N) : gen_spectrum N := -- spectrum.MK (λn, ppi (λa, E a n)) -- (λn, (loop_ppi_commute (λa, E a (S n)))⁻¹ᵉ* ∘*ᵉ equiv_ppi_right (λa, equiv_glue (E a) n)) /----------------------------------------- Fibers and long exact sequences -----------------------------------------/ definition sfiber {N : succ_str} {X Y : gen_spectrum N} (f : X →ₛ Y) : gen_spectrum N := spectrum.MK (λn, pfiber (f n)) (λn, pfiber_loop_space (f (S n)) ∘*ᵉ pfiber_equiv_of_square _ _ (sglue_square f n)) /- the map from the fiber to the domain -/ definition spoint {N : succ_str} {X Y : gen_spectrum N} (f : X →ₛ Y) : sfiber f →ₛ X := smap.mk (λn, ppoint (f n)) begin intro n, refine _ ⬝* !passoc, refine _ ⬝* pwhisker_right _ !ap1_ppoint_phomotopy⁻¹*, rexact (pfiber_equiv_of_square_ppoint (equiv_glue X n) (equiv_glue Y n) (sglue_square f n))⁻¹* end definition scompose_spoint {N : succ_str} {X Y : gen_spectrum N} (f : X →ₛ Y) : f ∘ₛ spoint f ~ₛ szero (sfiber f) Y := begin fapply shomotopy.mk, { intro n, exact pcompose_ppoint (f n) }, { intro n, exact sorry } end definition equiv_glue_neg (X : spectrum) (n : ℤ) : X (2 - succ n) ≃* Ω (X (2 - n)) := have H : succ (2 - succ n) = 2 - n, from ap succ !sub_sub⁻¹ ⬝ sub_add_cancel (2-n) 1, equiv_glue X (2 - succ n) ⬝e* loop_pequiv_loop (pequiv_of_eq (ap X H)) definition π_glue (X : spectrum) (n : ℤ) : π[2] (X (2 - succ n)) ≃* π[3] (X (2 - n)) := homotopy_group_pequiv 2 (equiv_glue_neg X n) definition πg_glue (X : spectrum) (n : ℤ) : πg[2] (X (2 - succ n)) ≃g πg[3] (X (2 - n)) := by rexact homotopy_group_isomorphism_of_pequiv _ (equiv_glue_neg X n) definition πg_glue_homotopy_π_glue (X : spectrum) (n : ℤ) : πg_glue X n ~ π_glue X n := by reflexivity definition π_glue_square {X Y : spectrum} (f : X →ₛ Y) (n : ℤ) : π_glue Y n ∘* π→[2] (f (2 - succ n)) ~* π→[3] (f (2 - n)) ∘* π_glue X n := begin change π→[2] (equiv_glue_neg Y n) ∘* π→[2] (f (2 - succ n)) ~* π→[2] (Ω→ (f (2 - n))) ∘* π→[2] (equiv_glue_neg X n), refine homotopy_group_functor_psquare 2 _, refine !sglue_square ⬝v* ap1_psquare !pequiv_of_eq_commute end section open chain_complex prod fin group universe variable u parameters {X Y : spectrum.{u}} (f : X →ₛ Y) definition LES_of_shomotopy_groups : chain_complex +3ℤ := splice (λ(n : ℤ), LES_of_homotopy_groups (f (2 - n))) (2, 0) (π_glue Y) (π_glue X) (π_glue_square f) -- This LES is definitionally what we want: example (n : ℤ) : LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 0) = πₛ[n] Y := idp example (n : ℤ) : LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 1) = πₛ[n] X := idp example (n : ℤ) : LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 2) = πₛ[n] (sfiber f) := idp example (n : ℤ) : cc_to_fn LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 0) = πₛ→[n] f := idp example (n : ℤ) : cc_to_fn LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 1) = πₛ→[n] (spoint f) := idp -- the maps are ugly for (n, 2) definition ab_group_LES_of_shomotopy_groups : Π(v : +3ℤ), ab_group (LES_of_shomotopy_groups v) | (n, fin.mk 0 H) := proof AbGroup.struct (πₛ[n] Y) qed | (n, fin.mk 1 H) := proof AbGroup.struct (πₛ[n] X) qed | (n, fin.mk 2 H) := proof AbGroup.struct (πₛ[n] (sfiber f)) qed | (n, fin.mk (k+3) H) := begin exfalso, apply lt_le_antisymm H, apply le_add_left end local attribute ab_group_LES_of_shomotopy_groups [instance] definition is_mul_hom_LES_of_shomotopy_groups : Π(v : +3ℤ), is_mul_hom (cc_to_fn LES_of_shomotopy_groups v) | (n, fin.mk 0 H) := proof homomorphism.struct (πₛ→[n] f) qed | (n, fin.mk 1 H) := proof homomorphism.struct (πₛ→[n] (spoint f)) qed | (n, fin.mk 2 H) := proof homomorphism.struct (homomorphism_LES_of_homotopy_groups_fun (f (2 - n)) (1, 2) ∘g πg_glue Y n) qed | (n, fin.mk (k+3) H) := begin exfalso, apply lt_le_antisymm H, apply le_add_left end -- In the comments below is a start on an explicit description of the LES for spectra -- Maybe it's slightly nicer to work with than the above version -- definition shomotopy_groups [reducible] : -3ℤ → AbGroup -- | (n, fin.mk 0 H) := πₛ[n] Y -- | (n, fin.mk 1 H) := πₛ[n] X -- | (n, fin.mk k H) := πₛ[n] (sfiber f) -- definition shomotopy_groups_fun : Π(n : -3ℤ), shomotopy_groups (S n) →g shomotopy_groups n -- | (n, fin.mk 0 H) := proof π→g[1+1] (f (n + 2)) qed --π→[2] f (n+2) -- --pmap_of_homomorphism (πₛ→[n] f) -- | (n, fin.mk 1 H) := proof π→g[1+1] (ppoint (f (n + 2))) qed -- | (n, fin.mk 2 H) := -- proof _ ∘g π→g[1+1] equiv_glue Y (pred n + 2) qed -- --π→[n] boundary_map ∘* pcast (ap (ptrunc 0) (loop_space_succ_eq_in Y n)) -- | (n, fin.mk (k+3) H) := begin exfalso, apply lt_le_antisymm H, apply le_add_left end end structure sp_chain_complex (N : succ_str) : Type := (car : N → spectrum) (fn : Π(n : N), car (S n) →ₛ car n) (is_chain_complex : Πn, fn n ∘ₛ fn (S n) ~ₛ szero _ _) section variables {N : succ_str} (X : sp_chain_complex N) (n : N) definition scc_to_car [unfold 2] [coercion] := @sp_chain_complex.car definition scc_to_fn [unfold 2] : X (S n) →ₛ X n := sp_chain_complex.fn X n definition scc_is_chain_complex [unfold 2] : scc_to_fn X n ∘ₛ scc_to_fn X (S n) ~ₛ szero _ _ := sp_chain_complex.is_chain_complex X n end /- Mapping spectra -/ definition mapping_prespectrum [constructor] {N : succ_str} (X : Type*) (Y : gen_prespectrum N) : gen_prespectrum N := gen_prespectrum.mk (λn, ppmap X (Y n)) (λn, pfunext X (Y (S n)) ∘* ppcompose_left (glue Y n)) definition mapping_spectrum [constructor] {N : succ_str} (X : Type*) (Y : gen_spectrum N) : gen_spectrum N := gen_spectrum.mk (mapping_prespectrum X Y) (is_spectrum.mk (λn, to_is_equiv (pequiv_ppcompose_left (equiv_glue Y n) ⬝e pfunext X (Y (S n))))) /- Spectrification -/ open chain_complex definition spectrify_type_term {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) (k : ℕ) : Type* := Ω[k] (X (n +' k)) definition spectrify_type_fun' {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (k : ℕ) (n : N) : Ω[k] (X n) →* Ω[k+1] (X (S n)) := !loopn_succ_in⁻¹ᵉ* ∘* Ω→[k] (glue X n) definition spectrify_type_fun {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) (k : ℕ) : spectrify_type_term X n k →* spectrify_type_term X n (k+1) := spectrify_type_fun' X k (n +' k) definition spectrify_type {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) : Type* := pseq_colim (spectrify_type_fun X n) /- Let Y = spectify X. Then Ω Y (n+1) ≡ Ω colim_k Ω^k X ((n + 1) + k) ... = colim_k Ω^{k+1} X ((n + 1) + k) ... = colim_k Ω^{k+1} X (n + (k + 1)) ... = colim_k Ω^k X(n + k) ... ≡ Y n -/ definition spectrify_pequiv {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) : spectrify_type X n ≃* Ω (spectrify_type X (S n)) := begin refine _ ⬝e* !pseq_colim_loop⁻¹ᵉ*, refine !pshift_equiv ⬝e* _, transitivity pseq_colim (λk, spectrify_type_fun' X (succ k) (S n +' k)), rotate 1, refine pseq_colim_equiv_constant (λn, !ap1_pcompose⁻¹*), fapply pseq_colim_pequiv, { intro n, apply loopn_pequiv_loopn, apply pequiv_ap X, apply succ_str.add_succ }, { intro k, apply to_homotopy, refine !passoc⁻¹* ⬝* _, refine pwhisker_right _ (loopn_succ_in_inv_natural (succ k) _) ⬝* _, refine !passoc ⬝* _ ⬝* !passoc⁻¹*, apply pwhisker_left, refine !apn_pcompose⁻¹* ⬝* _ ⬝* !apn_pcompose, apply apn_phomotopy, exact !glue_ptransport⁻¹* } end definition spectrify [constructor] {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) : gen_spectrum N := spectrum.MK (spectrify_type X) (spectrify_pequiv X) definition gluen {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) (k : ℕ) : X n →* Ω[k] (X (n +' k)) := by induction k with k f; reflexivity; exact !loopn_succ_in⁻¹ᵉ* ∘* Ω→[k] (glue X (n +' k)) ∘* f -- note: the forward map is (currently) not definitionally equal to gluen. Is that a problem? definition equiv_gluen {N : succ_str} (X : gen_spectrum N) (n : N) (k : ℕ) : X n ≃* Ω[k] (X (n +' k)) := by induction k with k f; reflexivity; exact f ⬝e* loopn_pequiv_loopn k (equiv_glue X (n +' k)) ⬝e* !loopn_succ_in⁻¹ᵉ* definition spectrify_map {N : succ_str} {X : gen_prespectrum N} {Y : gen_spectrum N} (f : X →ₛ Y) : X →ₛ spectrify X := begin fapply smap.mk, { intro n, exact pinclusion _ 0 }, { intro n, exact sorry } end definition spectrify.elim {N : succ_str} {X : gen_prespectrum N} {Y : gen_spectrum N} (f : X →ₛ Y) : spectrify X →ₛ Y := begin fapply smap.mk, { intro n, fapply pseq_colim.elim, { intro k, refine !equiv_gluen⁻¹ᵉ* ∘* apn k (f (n +' k)) }, { intro k, apply to_homotopy, exact sorry }}, { intro n, exact sorry } end /- Tensor by spaces -/ /- Smash product of spectra -/ /- Cofibers and stability -/ end spectrum