diff --git a/.changeset/brown-numbers-prove.md b/.changeset/brown-numbers-prove.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96db75af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/brown-numbers-prove.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'astro': patch
+---
+
+Displays a new config error if `outDir` is placed within `publicDir`.
diff --git a/.changeset/rich-tigers-march.md b/.changeset/rich-tigers-march.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb698048f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/rich-tigers-march.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@astrojs/node': patch
+---
+
+Fix an issue where `express` couldn't use the `handler` in `middleware` mode.
diff --git a/.changeset/unlucky-cougars-heal.md b/.changeset/unlucky-cougars-heal.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6579499e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/unlucky-cougars-heal.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'astro': patch
+---
+
+Make typing of `defineCollection` more permissive to support advanced union and intersection types
diff --git a/packages/astro/content-types.template.d.ts b/packages/astro/content-types.template.d.ts
index bcd839f78..596764fe6 100644
--- a/packages/astro/content-types.template.d.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/content-types.template.d.ts
@@ -34,12 +34,9 @@ declare module 'astro:content' {
 
 	type BaseSchemaWithoutEffects =
 		| import('astro/zod').AnyZodObject
-		| import('astro/zod').ZodUnion<import('astro/zod').AnyZodObject[]>
+		| import('astro/zod').ZodUnion<[BaseSchemaWithoutEffects, ...BaseSchemaWithoutEffects[]]>
 		| import('astro/zod').ZodDiscriminatedUnion<string, import('astro/zod').AnyZodObject[]>
-		| import('astro/zod').ZodIntersection<
-				import('astro/zod').AnyZodObject,
-				import('astro/zod').AnyZodObject
-		  >;
+		| import('astro/zod').ZodIntersection<BaseSchemaWithoutEffects, BaseSchemaWithoutEffects>;
 
 	type BaseSchema =
 		| BaseSchemaWithoutEffects
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/core/config/schema.ts b/packages/astro/src/core/config/schema.ts
index 897ebabf6..0717e1a81 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/core/config/schema.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/core/config/schema.ts
@@ -399,14 +399,18 @@ export function createRelativeSchema(cmd: string, fileProtocolRoot: string) {
 		// Handle `base` trailing slash based on `trailingSlash` config
 		if (config.trailingSlash === 'never') {
 			config.base = prependForwardSlash(removeTrailingForwardSlash(config.base));
-		} else if (config.trailingSlash === 'always') {
+			} else if (config.trailingSlash === 'always') {
 			config.base = prependForwardSlash(appendForwardSlash(config.base));
 		} else {
 			config.base = prependForwardSlash(config.base);
-		}
+			}
 
-		return config;
-	});
+			return config;
+		})
+		.refine((obj) => !obj.outDir.toString().startsWith(obj.publicDir.toString()), {
+			message:
+				'`outDir` must not be placed inside `publicDir` to prevent an infinite loop. Please adjust the directory configuration and try again',
+		});
 
 	return AstroConfigRelativeSchema;
 }
diff --git a/packages/astro/test/units/config/config-validate.test.js b/packages/astro/test/units/config/config-validate.test.js
index 49fd6b418..604836747 100644
--- a/packages/astro/test/units/config/config-validate.test.js
+++ b/packages/astro/test/units/config/config-validate.test.js
@@ -68,4 +68,14 @@ describe('Config Validation', () => {
 		).catch((err) => err);
 		expect(configError).to.be.not.instanceOf(Error);
 	});
+	it('Error when outDir is placed within publicDir', async () => {
+		const configError = await validateConfig({ outDir: './public/dist' }, process.cwd()).catch(
+			(err) => err
+		);
+		expect(configError instanceof z.ZodError).to.equal(true);
+		expect(configError.errors[0].message).to.equal(
+			'`outDir` must not be placed inside `publicDir` to prevent an infinite loop. \
+Please adjust the directory configuration and try again'
+		);
+	});
 });
diff --git a/packages/integrations/node/package.json b/packages/integrations/node/package.json
index d5df644f8..37e1c6101 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/node/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/node/package.json
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
     "cheerio": "1.0.0-rc.12",
     "mocha": "^9.2.2",
     "node-mocks-http": "^1.13.0",
-    "undici": "^5.22.1"
+    "undici": "^5.22.1",
+    "express": "^4.18.2"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/node/src/nodeMiddleware.ts b/packages/integrations/node/src/nodeMiddleware.ts
index fa0cdfda8..1e0aaea0f 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/node/src/nodeMiddleware.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/node/src/nodeMiddleware.ts
@@ -6,15 +6,22 @@ import { responseIterator } from './response-iterator';
 import type { ErrorHandlerParams, Options, RequestHandlerParams } from './types';
 
 // Disable no-unused-vars to avoid breaking signature change
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
-export default function (app: NodeApp, _mode: Options['mode']) {
+export default function (app: NodeApp, mode: Options['mode']) {
 	return async function (...args: RequestHandlerParams | ErrorHandlerParams) {
 		let error = null;
-		let [req, res, next, locals] = args as RequestHandlerParams;
+		let locals;
+		let [req, res, next] = args as RequestHandlerParams;
+		if (mode === 'middleware') {
+			let { [3]: _locals } = args;
+			locals = _locals;
+		}
 
 		if (args[0] instanceof Error) {
-			[error, req, res, next, locals] = args as ErrorHandlerParams;
-
+			[error, req, res, next] = args as ErrorHandlerParams;
+			if (mode === 'middleware') {
+				let { [4]: _locals } = args as ErrorHandlerParams;
+				locals = _locals;
+			}
 			if (error) {
 				if (next) {
 					return next(error);
diff --git a/packages/integrations/node/test/fixtures/node-middleware/src/pages/ssr.ts b/packages/integrations/node/test/fixtures/node-middleware/src/pages/ssr.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93543190f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/integrations/node/test/fixtures/node-middleware/src/pages/ssr.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+export async function get() {
+	let number = Math.random();
+	return {
+		body: JSON.stringify({
+			number,
+			message: `Here's a random number: ${number}`,
+		}),
+	};
+}
diff --git a/packages/integrations/node/test/node-middleware.test.js b/packages/integrations/node/test/node-middleware.test.js
index d7ba79e4c..009f403c2 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/node/test/node-middleware.test.js
+++ b/packages/integrations/node/test/node-middleware.test.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import nodejs from '../dist/index.js';
 import { loadFixture } from './test-utils.js';
 import { expect } from 'chai';
 import * as cheerio from 'cheerio';
+import express from 'express';
 
 /**
  * @typedef {import('../../../astro/test/test-utils').Fixture} Fixture
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ async function load() {
 	return mod;
 }
 
-describe('behavior from middleware', () => {
+describe('behavior from middleware, standalone', () => {
 	/** @type {import('./test-utils').Fixture} */
 	let fixture;
 	let server;
@@ -53,3 +54,42 @@ describe('behavior from middleware', () => {
 		});
 	});
 });
+
+describe('behavior from middleware, middleware', () => {
+	/** @type {import('./test-utils').Fixture} */
+	let fixture;
+	let server;
+
+	before(async () => {
+		process.env.ASTRO_NODE_AUTOSTART = 'disabled';
+		process.env.PRERENDER = false;
+		fixture = await loadFixture({
+			root: './fixtures/node-middleware/',
+			output: 'server',
+			adapter: nodejs({ mode: 'middleware' }),
+		});
+		await fixture.build();
+		const { handler } = await load();
+		const app = express();
+		app.use(handler);
+		server = app.listen(8888);
+	});
+
+	after(async () => {
+		server.close();
+		await fixture.clean();
+		delete process.env.PRERENDER;
+	});
+
+	it('when mode is standalone', async () => {
+		const res = await fetch(`http://localhost:8888/ssr`);
+
+		expect(res.status).to.equal(200);
+
+		const html = await res.text();
+		const $ = cheerio.load(html);
+
+		const body = $('body');
+		expect(body.text()).to.contain("Here's a random number");
+	});
+});