diff --git a/.changeset/afraid-dots-whisper.md b/.changeset/afraid-dots-whisper.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81da436ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/afraid-dots-whisper.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+---
+'@astrojs/cloudflare': major
+'@astrojs/partytown': major
+'@astrojs/tailwind': major
+'@astrojs/netlify': major
+'@astrojs/sitemap': major
+'@astrojs/preact': major
+'@astrojs/svelte': major
+'@astrojs/vercel': major
+'@astrojs/react': major
+'@astrojs/solid-js': major
+'@astrojs/deno': major
+'@astrojs/node': major
+'@astrojs/lit': major
+'@astrojs/vue': major
+'create-astro': major
+'@astrojs/prism': major
+'@astrojs/rss': major
+'@astrojs/telemetry': major
+'@astrojs/webapi': major
+'astro': major
+'@astrojs/turbolinks': minor
+'@astrojs/alpinejs': minor
+'@astrojs/prefetch': minor
+'@astrojs/markdoc': minor
+'@astrojs/underscore-redirects': minor
+'@astrojs/image': minor
+'@astrojs/mdx': minor
+'@astrojs/internal-helpers': minor
+---
+
+Remove support for Node 16. The lowest supported version by Astro and all integrations is now v18.14.1. As a reminder, Node 16 will be deprecated on the 11th September 2023.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/---01-bug-report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/---01-bug-report.yml
index a9786522b..15bc784f4 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/---01-bug-report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/---01-bug-report.yml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ body:
         Thank you for taking the time to file a bug report! Please fill out this form as completely as possible.
 
         ✅ I am using the **latest version of Astro** and all plugins.
-        ✅ I am using a version of Node that supports ESM (`v14.18.0+`, or `v16.12.0+`)
+        ✅ I am using a version of Node that Astro supports (`>=18.14.1`)
   - type: input
     id: astro-version
     attributes:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check.yml b/.github/workflows/check.yml
index 1f6f01e76..3f38b57b5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check.yml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Node
         uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:
-          node-version: 16
+          node-version: 18
           cache: "pnpm"
 
       - name: Install dependencies
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 329835b80..01c573e10 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         OS: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
-        NODE_VERSION: [16]
+        NODE_VERSION: [18]
       fail-fast: true
     steps:
       # Disable crlf so all OS can share the same Turbo cache
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Node
         uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:
-          node-version: 16
+          node-version: 18
           cache: "pnpm"
 
       - name: Install dependencies
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         OS: [ubuntu-latest]
-        NODE_VERSION: [16, 18]
+        NODE_VERSION: [18, 20]
         include:
           - os: macos-latest
-            NODE_VERSION: 16
+            NODE_VERSION: 18
           - os: windows-latest
-            NODE_VERSION: 16
+            NODE_VERSION: 18
       fail-fast: false
     env:
       NODE_VERSION: ${{ matrix.NODE_VERSION }}
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         OS: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
-        NODE_VERSION: [16]
+        NODE_VERSION: [18]
       fail-fast: false
     env:
       NODE_VERSION: ${{ matrix.NODE_VERSION }}
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         OS: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
-        NODE_VERSION: [16]
+        NODE_VERSION: [18]
     env:
       NODE_VERSION: ${{ matrix.NODE_VERSION }}
     steps:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
index e58b68975..961f4d997 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Node
         uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:
-          node-version: 16
+          node-version: 18
           cache: "pnpm"
 
       - name: Install dependencies
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index d160b7c0e..e30175ad7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Node
         uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:
-          node-version: 16
+          node-version: 18
           cache: "pnpm"
 
       - name: Install dependencies
diff --git a/.github/workflows/scripts.yml b/.github/workflows/scripts.yml
index 056bf4e0a..a22ec467b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/scripts.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/scripts.yml
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Node
         uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:
-          node-version: 16
+          node-version: 18
           cache: "pnpm"
 
       - name: Install dependencies
diff --git a/.github/workflows/snapshot-release.yml b/.github/workflows/snapshot-release.yml
index 5504978c6..29f8c7f11 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/snapshot-release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/snapshot-release.yml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Setup Node
         uses: actions/setup-node@v3
         with:
-          node-version: 16
+          node-version: 18
           registry-url: "https://registry.npmjs.org"
           cache: "pnpm"
 
diff --git a/.nvmrc b/.nvmrc
index e65243f2e..617bcf916 100644
--- a/.nvmrc
+++ b/.nvmrc
@@ -1 +1 @@
-16.19.0
+18.14.1
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 25baacecb..c433a6833 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ We welcome contributions of any size and skill level. As an open source project,
 ### Prerequisites
 
 ```shell
-node: "^>=16.12.0"
+node: "^>=18.14.1"
 pnpm: "^8.6.2"
 # otherwise, your build will fail
 ```
diff --git a/benchmark/packages/timer/tsconfig.json b/benchmark/packages/timer/tsconfig.json
index 44baf375c..af1b43564 100644
--- a/benchmark/packages/timer/tsconfig.json
+++ b/benchmark/packages/timer/tsconfig.json
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
   "include": ["src"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "allowJs": true,
-    "module": "ES2020",
+    "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2020"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 5ee1460e4..0f590c509 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
     "packages/*"
   ],
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0",
+    "node": ">=18.14.1",
     "pnpm": ">=8.6.2"
   },
   "packageManager": "pnpm@8.6.2",
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
     "@types/node": "^18.16.18",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "6.0.0",
     "@typescript-eslint/parser": "6.0.0",
-    "esbuild": "^0.17.19",
+    "esbuild": "^0.18.16",
     "eslint": "^8.43.0",
     "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.8.0",
     "eslint-plugin-no-only-tests": "^2.6.0",
@@ -93,6 +93,6 @@
     "prettier-plugin-astro": "^0.10.0",
     "tiny-glob": "^0.2.9",
     "turbo": "^1.10.3",
-    "typescript": "~5.0.2"
+    "typescript": "~5.1.6"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/astro-prism/package.json b/packages/astro-prism/package.json
index 4ad55bf7f..278d52482 100644
--- a/packages/astro-prism/package.json
+++ b/packages/astro-prism/package.json
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
   "homepage": "https://docs.astro.build/en/reference/api-reference/#prism-",
   "main": "dist/index.js",
   "scripts": {
-    "build": "astro-scripts build \"src/**/*.ts\" && tsc",
+    "build": "astro-scripts build \"src/**/*.ts\" && tsc -p ./tsconfig.json",
     "build:ci": "astro-scripts build \"src/**/*.ts\"",
     "dev": "astro-scripts dev \"src/**/*.ts\""
   },
@@ -39,6 +39,6 @@
     "astro-scripts": "workspace:*"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/astro-prism/tsconfig.json b/packages/astro-prism/tsconfig.json
index 569016e9d..fd652e629 100644
--- a/packages/astro-prism/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/astro-prism/tsconfig.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "include": ["src"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "allowJs": true,
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist"
   }
diff --git a/packages/astro-rss/tsconfig.json b/packages/astro-rss/tsconfig.json
index f9da2a5bd..d8efd2fec 100644
--- a/packages/astro-rss/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/astro-rss/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "strictNullChecks": true
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/astro/astro.js b/packages/astro/astro.js
index 37ea869bc..631a7b9c8 100755
--- a/packages/astro/astro.js
+++ b/packages/astro/astro.js
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ const CI_INSTRUCTIONS = {
 };
 
 // Hardcode supported Node.js version so we don't have to read differently in CJS & ESM.
-const engines = '>=16.12.0';
-const skipSemverCheckIfAbove = 16;
+const engines = '>=18.14.1';
+const skipSemverCheckIfAbove = 19;
 
 /** `astro *` */
 async function main() {
diff --git a/packages/astro/package.json b/packages/astro/package.json
index b6651a013..2d6162f32 100644
--- a/packages/astro/package.json
+++ b/packages/astro/package.json
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@
     "devalue": "^4.3.2",
     "diff": "^5.1.0",
     "es-module-lexer": "^1.3.0",
-    "esbuild": "^0.17.19",
-    "estree-walker": "3.0.0",
+    "esbuild": "^0.18.16",
+    "estree-walker": "^3.0.3",
     "execa": "^6.1.0",
     "fast-glob": "^3.2.12",
     "github-slugger": "^2.0.0",
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
     }
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0",
+    "node": ">=18.14.1",
     "npm": ">=6.14.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/core/build/plugins/plugin-analyzer.ts b/packages/astro/src/core/build/plugins/plugin-analyzer.ts
index c05328005..b62de1a2b 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/core/build/plugins/plugin-analyzer.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/core/build/plugins/plugin-analyzer.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import type { Node as ESTreeNode } from 'estree-walker';
 import type { ModuleInfo, PluginContext } from 'rollup';
 import type { Plugin as VitePlugin } from 'vite';
 import type { PluginMetadata as AstroPluginMetadata } from '../../../vite-plugin-astro/types';
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ async function doesParentImportChild(
 
 	const imports: Array<ImportDeclaration> = [];
 	const exports: Array<ExportNamedDeclaration | ExportDefaultDeclaration> = [];
-	walk(parentInfo.ast, {
+	walk(parentInfo.ast as ESTreeNode, {
 		enter(node) {
 			if (node.type === 'ImportDeclaration') {
 				imports.push(node as ImportDeclaration);
diff --git a/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-astro-postprocess/index.ts b/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-astro-postprocess/index.ts
index be8ddb7b0..6d7de9e2d 100644
--- a/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-astro-postprocess/index.ts
+++ b/packages/astro/src/vite-plugin-astro-postprocess/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { parse } from 'acorn';
+import type { Node as ESTreeNode } from 'estree-walker';
 import { walk } from 'estree-walker';
 import MagicString from 'magic-string';
 import type { Plugin } from 'vite';
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ export default function astro(): Plugin {
 				sourceType: 'module',
 			});
 
-			walk(ast, {
+			walk(ast as ESTreeNode, {
 				enter(node: any) {
 					// Transform `Astro.glob("./pages/*.astro")` to `Astro.glob(import.meta.glob("./pages/*.astro"), () => "./pages/*.astro")`
 					// Also handle for `Astro2.glob()`
diff --git a/packages/astro/tsconfig.json b/packages/astro/tsconfig.json
index 839239eaf..63854a31d 100644
--- a/packages/astro/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/astro/tsconfig.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     "declarationDir": "./dist",
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "jsx": "preserve",
     "types": ["@types/dom-view-transitions", "network-information-types"]
   }
diff --git a/packages/create-astro/package.json b/packages/create-astro/package.json
index f20cde496..24c2a5409 100644
--- a/packages/create-astro/package.json
+++ b/packages/create-astro/package.json
@@ -47,6 +47,6 @@
     "strip-json-comments": "^5.0.0"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/create-astro/tsconfig.json b/packages/create-astro/tsconfig.json
index 720167fad..1ab34c5a2 100644
--- a/packages/create-astro/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/create-astro/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "emitDeclarationOnly": false,
     "noEmit": true,
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
     "declarationDir": "./dist/types"
diff --git a/packages/integrations/alpinejs/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/alpinejs/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/alpinejs/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/alpinejs/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/cloudflare/package.json b/packages/integrations/cloudflare/package.json
index 7e42c8455..5f2a2a38e 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/cloudflare/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/cloudflare/package.json
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
   "dependencies": {
     "@astrojs/underscore-redirects": "^0.2.0",
     "@cloudflare/workers-types": "^4.20230518.0",
-    "esbuild": "^0.17.19",
+    "esbuild": "^0.18.16",
     "tiny-glob": "^0.2.9"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
diff --git a/packages/integrations/cloudflare/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/cloudflare/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/cloudflare/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/cloudflare/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/deno/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/deno/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..f3c96447a 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/deno/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/deno/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    // TODO: Due to the shim for Deno imports in `server.ts`, we can't use moduleResolution: 'bundler' or the types get very weird.
+    "moduleResolution": "Node"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/image/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/image/tsconfig.json
index 56b6b4e2d..0a210b9fc 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/image/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/image/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "typeRoots": ["node_modules/@types", "node_modules/@netlify"]
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/lit/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/lit/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/lit/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/lit/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/markdoc/package.json b/packages/integrations/markdoc/package.json
index bd936ba72..dabaf738f 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/markdoc/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/markdoc/package.json
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     "@astrojs/internal-helpers": "^0.1.0",
     "@astrojs/prism": "^2.1.2",
     "@markdoc/markdoc": "^0.3.0",
-    "esbuild": "^0.17.19",
+    "esbuild": "^0.18.16",
     "github-slugger": "^2.0.0",
     "gray-matter": "^4.0.3",
     "kleur": "^4.1.5",
@@ -91,6 +91,6 @@
     "vite": "^4.4.6"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/content-entry-type.ts b/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/content-entry-type.ts
index bb62a2035..973f543f1 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/content-entry-type.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/content-entry-type.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 import type { Config as MarkdocConfig, Node } from '@markdoc/markdoc';
 import Markdoc from '@markdoc/markdoc';
 import type { AstroConfig, ContentEntryType } from 'astro';
+import { emitESMImage } from 'astro/assets/utils';
 import matter from 'gray-matter';
 import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import type * as rollup from 'rollup';
 import type { ErrorPayload as ViteErrorPayload } from 'vite';
 import type { ComponentConfig } from './config.js';
-import { MarkdocError, isComponentConfig, isValidUrl, prependForwardSlash } from './utils.js';
-// @ts-expect-error Cannot get the types here without `moduleResolution: 'nodenext'`
-import { emitESMImage } from 'astro/assets/utils';
-import path from 'node:path';
-import type * as rollup from 'rollup';
 import type { MarkdocConfigResult } from './load-config.js';
 import { setupConfig } from './runtime.js';
+import { MarkdocError, isComponentConfig, isValidUrl, prependForwardSlash } from './utils.js';
 
 export async function getContentEntryType({
 	markdocConfigResult,
@@ -190,8 +189,7 @@ async function emitOptimizedImages(
 				const src = await emitESMImage(
 					resolved.id,
 					ctx.pluginContext.meta.watchMode,
-					ctx.pluginContext.emitFile,
-					{ config: ctx.astroConfig }
+					ctx.pluginContext.emitFile
 				);
 				node.attributes.__optimizedSrc = src;
 			} else {
diff --git a/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/extensions/prism.ts b/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/extensions/prism.ts
index e28112c9a..5cfd628ca 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/extensions/prism.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/extensions/prism.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
-// leave space, so organize imports doesn't mess up comments
-// @ts-expect-error Cannot find module 'astro/runtime/server/index.js' or its corresponding type declarations.
-import { unescapeHTML } from 'astro/runtime/server/index.js';
-
 import { runHighlighterWithAstro } from '@astrojs/prism/dist/highlighter';
+import { unescapeHTML } from 'astro/runtime/server/index.js';
 import { Markdoc, type AstroMarkdocConfig } from '../config.js';
 
 export default function prism(): AstroMarkdocConfig {
@@ -16,7 +13,7 @@ export default function prism(): AstroMarkdocConfig {
 					// Use `unescapeHTML` to return `HTMLString` for Astro renderer to inline as HTML
 					return unescapeHTML(
 						`<pre class="${classLanguage}"><code class="${classLanguage}">${html}</code></pre>`
-					);
+					) as any;
 				},
 			},
 		},
diff --git a/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/extensions/shiki.ts b/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/extensions/shiki.ts
index 1229a09fb..a553a6bae 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/extensions/shiki.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/extensions/shiki.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-// leave space, so organize imports doesn't mess up comments
-// @ts-expect-error Cannot find module 'astro/runtime/server/index.js' or its corresponding type declarations.
-import { unescapeHTML } from 'astro/runtime/server/index.js';
-
 import Markdoc from '@markdoc/markdoc';
 import type { ShikiConfig } from 'astro';
+import { unescapeHTML } from 'astro/runtime/server/index.js';
 import type * as shikiTypes from 'shiki';
 import { getHighlighter } from 'shiki';
 import type { AstroMarkdocConfig } from '../config.js';
@@ -123,7 +120,7 @@ export default async function shiki({
 					}
 
 					// Use `unescapeHTML` to return `HTMLString` for Astro renderer to inline as HTML
-					return unescapeHTML(html);
+					return unescapeHTML(html) as any;
 				},
 			},
 		},
diff --git a/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/runtime.ts b/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/runtime.ts
index 6a20a8740..32f1e2e09 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/markdoc/src/runtime.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import Markdoc, {
 	type RenderableTreeNode,
 } from '@markdoc/markdoc';
 import type { AstroInstance } from 'astro';
-// @ts-expect-error Cannot find module 'astro/runtime/server/index.js' or its corresponding type declarations.
 import { createComponent, renderComponent } from 'astro/runtime/server/index.js';
 import type { AstroMarkdocConfig } from './config.js';
 import { setupHeadingConfig } from './heading-ids.js';
@@ -179,5 +178,5 @@ export function createContentComponent(
 			return renderComponent(result, Renderer.name, Renderer, { stringifiedAst, config }, {});
 		},
 		propagation: 'self',
-	});
+	} as any);
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/markdoc/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/markdoc/tsconfig.json
index 44baf375c..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/markdoc/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/markdoc/tsconfig.json
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
   "include": ["src"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "allowJs": true,
-    "module": "ES2020",
+    "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2020"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/mdx/package.json b/packages/integrations/mdx/package.json
index 7e38cb1b6..a10249d53 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/mdx/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/mdx/package.json
@@ -78,6 +78,6 @@
     "vite": "^4.4.6"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/remark-images-to-component.ts b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/remark-images-to-component.ts
index 8a3166f49..bb9657f42 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/mdx/src/remark-images-to-component.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/mdx/src/remark-images-to-component.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { MarkdownVFile } from '@astrojs/markdown-remark';
-import { type Image, type Parent } from 'mdast';
+import type { Image, Parent } from 'mdast';
 import type { MdxJsxFlowElement, MdxjsEsm } from 'mdast-util-mdx';
 import { visit } from 'unist-util-visit';
 import { jsToTreeNode } from './utils.js';
diff --git a/packages/integrations/mdx/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/mdx/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/mdx/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/mdx/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/netlify/package.json b/packages/integrations/netlify/package.json
index 2ee51e366..0776f3050 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/netlify/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/netlify/package.json
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
     "@astrojs/underscore-redirects": "^0.2.0",
     "@astrojs/webapi": "^2.2.0",
     "@netlify/functions": "^1.6.0",
-    "esbuild": "^0.15.18"
+    "esbuild": "^0.18.16"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
     "astro": "workspace:^2.9.2"
diff --git a/packages/integrations/netlify/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/netlify/tsconfig.json
index 4442d4c36..66b0102c7 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/netlify/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/netlify/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "typeRoots": ["node_modules/@types", "node_modules/@netlify"],
     "allowImportingTsExtensions": true
   }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/node/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/node/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/node/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/node/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/partytown/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/partytown/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/partytown/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/partytown/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/preact/package.json b/packages/integrations/preact/package.json
index 9efc7d2c5..391fdb547 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/preact/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/preact/package.json
@@ -50,6 +50,6 @@
     "preact": "^10.6.5"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/preact/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/preact/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/preact/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/preact/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/prefetch/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/prefetch/tsconfig.json
index 194a092ff..6457dfe8c 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/prefetch/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/prefetch/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/react/package.json b/packages/integrations/react/package.json
index fa68cd5f0..dbcdadca9 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/react/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/react/package.json
@@ -62,6 +62,6 @@
     "react-dom": "^17.0.2 || ^18.0.0"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/react/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/react/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/react/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/react/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/sitemap/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/sitemap/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/sitemap/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/sitemap/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/solid/package.json b/packages/integrations/solid/package.json
index 407b0cc73..6f1db89e7 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/solid/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/solid/package.json
@@ -47,6 +47,6 @@
     "solid-js": "^1.4.3"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/solid/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/solid/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/solid/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/solid/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/svelte/package.json b/packages/integrations/svelte/package.json
index 8c3081d75..25deeb011 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/svelte/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/svelte/package.json
@@ -52,6 +52,6 @@
     "svelte": "^3.55.0 || ^4.0.0"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/svelte/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/svelte/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/svelte/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/svelte/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/tailwind/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/tailwind/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/tailwind/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/tailwind/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/turbolinks/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/turbolinks/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/turbolinks/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/turbolinks/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/vercel/package.json b/packages/integrations/vercel/package.json
index fd58f5aaa..8e4c94a14 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/vercel/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/vercel/package.json
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
     "@astrojs/webapi": "^2.2.0",
     "@vercel/analytics": "^0.1.11",
     "@vercel/nft": "^0.22.6",
-    "esbuild": "^0.17.19",
+    "esbuild": "^0.18.16",
     "fast-glob": "^3.2.12",
     "set-cookie-parser": "^2.6.0",
     "web-vitals": "^3.3.2"
diff --git a/packages/integrations/vercel/src/image/dev-service.ts b/packages/integrations/vercel/src/image/dev-service.ts
index 04df9932a..d812efb93 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/vercel/src/image/dev-service.ts
+++ b/packages/integrations/vercel/src/image/dev-service.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import type { LocalImageService } from 'astro';
-// @ts-expect-error
 import squooshService from 'astro/assets/services/squoosh';
 import { sharedValidateOptions } from './shared';
 
@@ -14,7 +13,9 @@ const service: LocalImageService = {
 			props.width = inputtedWidth;
 		}
 
-		return squooshService.getHTMLAttributes(props, serviceOptions);
+		return squooshService.getHTMLAttributes
+			? squooshService.getHTMLAttributes(props, serviceOptions)
+			: {};
 	},
 	getURL(options) {
 		const fileSrc = typeof options.src === 'string' ? options.src : options.src.src;
diff --git a/packages/integrations/vercel/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/vercel/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/vercel/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/vercel/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/vue/package.json b/packages/integrations/vue/package.json
index 574039395..05751b02d 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/vue/package.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/vue/package.json
@@ -60,6 +60,6 @@
     "vue": "^3.2.30"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/integrations/vue/tsconfig.json b/packages/integrations/vue/tsconfig.json
index 64d4ef454..af1b43564 100644
--- a/packages/integrations/vue/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/integrations/vue/tsconfig.json
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
     "allowJs": true,
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
-    "target": "ES2021"
+    "target": "ES2022"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/internal-helpers/tsconfig.json b/packages/internal-helpers/tsconfig.json
index 569016e9d..fd652e629 100644
--- a/packages/internal-helpers/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/internal-helpers/tsconfig.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "include": ["src"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "allowJs": true,
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist"
   }
diff --git a/packages/telemetry/package.json b/packages/telemetry/package.json
index be9e88b13..a81906743 100644
--- a/packages/telemetry/package.json
+++ b/packages/telemetry/package.json
@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@
   "bugs": "https://github.com/withastro/astro/issues",
   "homepage": "https://astro.build",
   "exports": {
-    ".": "./dist/index.js",
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./dist/types/index.d.ts",
+      "default": "./dist/index.js"
+    },
     "./package.json": "./package.json"
   },
   "scripts": {
@@ -45,6 +48,6 @@
     "mocha": "^9.2.2"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=16.12.0"
+    "node": ">=18.14.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/telemetry/src/config.ts b/packages/telemetry/src/config.ts
index d03f9102b..f0d855597 100644
--- a/packages/telemetry/src/config.ts
+++ b/packages/telemetry/src/config.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import dget from 'dlv';
+// @ts-expect-error `dset` is mispackaged: https://publint.dev/dset@3.1.2
 import { dset } from 'dset';
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import os from 'node:os';
diff --git a/packages/telemetry/tsconfig.json b/packages/telemetry/tsconfig.json
index b35c3d244..451badc02 100644
--- a/packages/telemetry/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/telemetry/tsconfig.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "include": ["src"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "allowJs": true,
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist",
     "declarationDir": "./dist/types"
diff --git a/packages/underscore-redirects/tsconfig.json b/packages/underscore-redirects/tsconfig.json
index 569016e9d..fd652e629 100644
--- a/packages/underscore-redirects/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/underscore-redirects/tsconfig.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "include": ["src"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "allowJs": true,
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "module": "ES2022",
     "outDir": "./dist"
   }
diff --git a/packages/webapi/package.json b/packages/webapi/package.json
index 730f5efb4..fcc3ec79d 100644
--- a/packages/webapi/package.json
+++ b/packages/webapi/package.json
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
     "mocha": "^9.2.2",
     "rollup": "^2.79.1",
     "tslib": "^2.5.3",
-    "typescript": "~5.0.2",
+    "typescript": "~5.1.6",
     "urlpattern-polyfill": "^1.0.0-rc5"
   },
   "scripts": {
diff --git a/packages/webapi/tsconfig.json b/packages/webapi/tsconfig.json
index 2d7e33d82..2348c6bfb 100644
--- a/packages/webapi/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/webapi/tsconfig.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "include": ["src/*"],
   "exclude": ["node_modules"],
   "compilerOptions": {
-    "target": "ES2021",
+    "target": "ES2022",
     "module": "ES2022",
     "moduleResolution": "node",
     "esModuleInterop": true,
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 215b1a41a..26b6d7a2d 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ importers:
         version: 18.16.18
       '@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin':
         specifier: 6.0.0
-        version: 6.0.0(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.0.0)(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2)
+        version: 6.0.0(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.0.0)(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6)
       '@typescript-eslint/parser':
         specifier: 6.0.0
-        version: 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2)
+        version: 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6)
       esbuild:
-        specifier: ^0.17.19
-        version: 0.17.19
+        specifier: ^0.18.16
+        version: 0.18.16
       eslint:
         specifier: ^8.43.0
         version: 8.43.0
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^1.10.3
         version: 1.10.3
       typescript:
-        specifier: ~5.0.2
-        version: 5.0.2
+        specifier: ~5.1.6
+        version: 5.1.6
 
   benchmark:
     dependencies:
@@ -564,11 +564,11 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^1.3.0
         version: 1.3.0
       esbuild:
-        specifier: ^0.17.19
-        version: 0.17.19
+        specifier: ^0.18.16
+        version: 0.18.16
       estree-walker:
-        specifier: 3.0.0
-        version: 3.0.0
+        specifier: ^3.0.3
+        version: 3.0.3
       execa:
         specifier: ^6.1.0
         version: 6.1.0
@@ -3645,8 +3645,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^4.20230518.0
         version: 4.20230518.0
       esbuild:
-        specifier: ^0.17.19
-        version: 0.17.19
+        specifier: ^0.18.16
+        version: 0.18.16
       tiny-glob:
         specifier: ^0.2.9
         version: 0.2.9
@@ -4021,8 +4021,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^0.3.0
         version: 0.3.0
       esbuild:
-        specifier: ^0.17.19
-        version: 0.17.19
+        specifier: ^0.18.16
+        version: 0.18.16
       github-slugger:
         specifier: ^2.0.0
         version: 2.0.0
@@ -4286,7 +4286,7 @@ importers:
         version: 10.1.0
       remark-shiki-twoslash:
         specifier: ^3.1.3
-        version: 3.1.3(typescript@5.0.2)
+        version: 3.1.3(typescript@5.1.6)
       remark-toc:
         specifier: ^8.0.1
         version: 8.0.1
@@ -4435,8 +4435,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^1.6.0
         version: 1.6.0
       esbuild:
-        specifier: ^0.15.18
-        version: 0.15.18
+        specifier: ^0.18.16
+        version: 0.18.16
     devDependencies:
       '@netlify/edge-functions':
         specifier: ^2.0.0
@@ -4849,7 +4849,7 @@ importers:
         version: 2.4.2(svelte@3.59.1)(vite@4.4.6)
       svelte2tsx:
         specifier: ^0.6.15
-        version: 0.6.15(svelte@3.59.1)(typescript@5.0.2)
+        version: 0.6.15(svelte@3.59.1)(typescript@5.1.6)
     devDependencies:
       astro:
         specifier: workspace:*
@@ -4917,8 +4917,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^0.22.6
         version: 0.22.6
       esbuild:
-        specifier: ^0.17.19
-        version: 0.17.19
+        specifier: ^0.18.16
+        version: 0.18.16
       fast-glob:
         specifier: ^3.2.12
         version: 3.2.12
@@ -5394,7 +5394,7 @@ importers:
         version: 13.3.0(rollup@2.79.1)
       '@rollup/plugin-typescript':
         specifier: ^8.5.0
-        version: 8.5.0(rollup@2.79.1)(tslib@2.5.3)(typescript@5.0.2)
+        version: 8.5.0(rollup@2.79.1)(tslib@2.5.3)(typescript@5.1.6)
       '@types/chai':
         specifier: ^4.3.5
         version: 4.3.5
@@ -5426,8 +5426,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^2.5.3
         version: 2.5.3
       typescript:
-        specifier: ~5.0.2
-        version: 5.0.2
+        specifier: ~5.1.6
+        version: 5.1.6
       urlpattern-polyfill:
         specifier: ^1.0.0-rc5
         version: 1.0.0-rc5
@@ -5441,8 +5441,8 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^5.0.2
         version: 5.0.2
       esbuild:
-        specifier: ^0.17.19
-        version: 0.17.19
+        specifier: ^0.18.16
+        version: 0.18.16
       globby:
         specifier: ^12.2.0
         version: 12.2.0
@@ -5467,7 +5467,7 @@ importers:
         version: 7.0.0
       esbuild-plugin-copy:
         specifier: ^2.1.1
-        version: 2.1.1(esbuild@0.17.19)
+        version: 2.1.1(esbuild@0.18.16)
       execa:
         specifier: ^6.1.0
         version: 6.1.0
@@ -7538,6 +7538,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [android]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/android-arm64@0.18.16:
@@ -7563,6 +7564,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [arm]
     os: [android]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/android-arm@0.18.16:
@@ -7579,6 +7581,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [android]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/android-x64@0.18.16:
@@ -7595,6 +7598,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [darwin]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.18.16:
@@ -7611,6 +7615,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [darwin]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.18.16:
@@ -7627,6 +7632,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [freebsd]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.18.16:
@@ -7643,6 +7649,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [freebsd]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.18.16:
@@ -7659,6 +7666,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [linux]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.18.16:
@@ -7675,6 +7683,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [arm]
     os: [linux]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/linux-arm@0.18.16:
@@ -7691,6 +7700,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [ia32]
     os: [linux]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.18.16:
@@ -7716,6 +7726,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [loong64]
     os: [linux]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.18.16:
@@ -7732,6 +7743,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [mips64el]
     os: [linux]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/linux-mips64el@0.18.16:
@@ -7748,6 +7760,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [ppc64]
     os: [linux]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/linux-ppc64@0.18.16:
@@ -7764,6 +7777,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [riscv64]
     os: [linux]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/linux-riscv64@0.18.16:
@@ -7780,6 +7794,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [s390x]
     os: [linux]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/linux-s390x@0.18.16:
@@ -7796,6 +7811,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [linux]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/linux-x64@0.18.16:
@@ -7812,6 +7828,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [netbsd]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/netbsd-x64@0.18.16:
@@ -7828,6 +7845,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [openbsd]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/openbsd-x64@0.18.16:
@@ -7844,6 +7862,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [sunos]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/sunos-x64@0.18.16:
@@ -7860,6 +7879,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [arm64]
     os: [win32]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/win32-arm64@0.18.16:
@@ -7876,6 +7896,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [ia32]
     os: [win32]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/win32-ia32@0.18.16:
@@ -7892,6 +7913,7 @@ packages:
     cpu: [x64]
     os: [win32]
     requiresBuild: true
+    dev: false
     optional: true
 
   /@esbuild/win32-x64@0.18.16:
@@ -8104,7 +8126,7 @@ packages:
       estree-util-build-jsx: 2.2.2
       estree-util-is-identifier-name: 2.1.0
       estree-util-to-js: 1.2.0
-      estree-walker: 3.0.0
+      estree-walker: 3.0.3
       hast-util-to-estree: 2.3.2
       markdown-extensions: 1.1.1
       periscopic: 3.1.0
@@ -8627,7 +8649,7 @@ packages:
       rollup: 3.20.1
     dev: false
 
-  /@rollup/plugin-typescript@8.5.0(rollup@2.79.1)(tslib@2.5.3)(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /@rollup/plugin-typescript@8.5.0(rollup@2.79.1)(tslib@2.5.3)(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wMv1/scv0m/rXx21wD2IsBbJFba8wGF3ErJIr6IKRfRj49S85Lszbxb4DCo8iILpluTjk2GAAu9CoZt4G3ppgQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=8.0.0'}
     peerDependencies:
@@ -8644,7 +8666,7 @@ packages:
       resolve: 1.22.2
       rollup: 2.79.1
       tslib: 2.5.3
-      typescript: 5.0.2
+      typescript: 5.1.6
     dev: true
 
   /@rollup/pluginutils@3.1.0(rollup@2.79.1):
@@ -9152,7 +9174,7 @@ packages:
   /@types/yargs-parser@21.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-iO9ZQHkZxHn4mSakYV0vFHAVDyEOIJQrV2uZ06HxEPcx+mt8swXoZHIbaaJ2crJYFfErySgktuTZ3BeLz+XmFA==}
 
-  /@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin@6.0.0(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.0.0)(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin@6.0.0(@typescript-eslint/parser@6.0.0)(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-xuv6ghKGoiq856Bww/yVYnXGsKa588kY3M0XK7uUW/3fJNNULKRfZfSBkMTSpqGG/8ZCXCadfh8G/z/B4aqS/A==}
     engines: {node: ^16.0.0 || >=18.0.0}
     peerDependencies:
@@ -9164,10 +9186,10 @@ packages:
         optional: true
     dependencies:
       '@eslint-community/regexpp': 4.5.1
-      '@typescript-eslint/parser': 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2)
+      '@typescript-eslint/parser': 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6)
       '@typescript-eslint/scope-manager': 6.0.0
-      '@typescript-eslint/type-utils': 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2)
-      '@typescript-eslint/utils': 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2)
+      '@typescript-eslint/type-utils': 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6)
+      '@typescript-eslint/utils': 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6)
       '@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys': 6.0.0
       debug: 4.3.4
       eslint: 8.43.0
@@ -9177,13 +9199,13 @@ packages:
       natural-compare: 1.4.0
       natural-compare-lite: 1.4.0
       semver: 7.5.3
-      ts-api-utils: 1.0.1(typescript@5.0.2)
-      typescript: 5.0.2
+      ts-api-utils: 1.0.1(typescript@5.1.6)
+      typescript: 5.1.6
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
     dev: true
 
-  /@typescript-eslint/parser@6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /@typescript-eslint/parser@6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-TNaufYSPrr1U8n+3xN+Yp9g31vQDJqhXzzPSHfQDLcaO4tU+mCfODPxCwf4H530zo7aUBE3QIdxCXamEnG04Tg==}
     engines: {node: ^16.0.0 || >=18.0.0}
     peerDependencies:
@@ -9195,11 +9217,11 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       '@typescript-eslint/scope-manager': 6.0.0
       '@typescript-eslint/types': 6.0.0
-      '@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree': 6.0.0(typescript@5.0.2)
+      '@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree': 6.0.0(typescript@5.1.6)
       '@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys': 6.0.0
       debug: 4.3.4
       eslint: 8.43.0
-      typescript: 5.0.2
+      typescript: 5.1.6
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
     dev: true
@@ -9212,7 +9234,7 @@ packages:
       '@typescript-eslint/visitor-keys': 6.0.0
     dev: true
 
-  /@typescript-eslint/type-utils@6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /@typescript-eslint/type-utils@6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-ah6LJvLgkoZ/pyJ9GAdFkzeuMZ8goV6BH7eC9FPmojrnX9yNCIsfjB+zYcnex28YO3RFvBkV6rMV6WpIqkPvoQ==}
     engines: {node: ^16.0.0 || >=18.0.0}
     peerDependencies:
@@ -9222,12 +9244,12 @@ packages:
       typescript:
         optional: true
     dependencies:
-      '@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree': 6.0.0(typescript@5.0.2)
-      '@typescript-eslint/utils': 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2)
+      '@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree': 6.0.0(typescript@5.1.6)
+      '@typescript-eslint/utils': 6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6)
       debug: 4.3.4
       eslint: 8.43.0
-      ts-api-utils: 1.0.1(typescript@5.0.2)
-      typescript: 5.0.2
+      ts-api-utils: 1.0.1(typescript@5.1.6)
+      typescript: 5.1.6
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
     dev: true
@@ -9237,7 +9259,7 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: ^16.0.0 || >=18.0.0}
     dev: true
 
-  /@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree@6.0.0(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree@6.0.0(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-2zq4O7P6YCQADfmJ5OTDQTP3ktajnXIRrYAtHM9ofto/CJZV3QfJ89GEaM2BNGeSr1KgmBuLhEkz5FBkS2RQhQ==}
     engines: {node: ^16.0.0 || >=18.0.0}
     peerDependencies:
@@ -9252,13 +9274,13 @@ packages:
       globby: 11.1.0
       is-glob: 4.0.3
       semver: 7.5.4
-      ts-api-utils: 1.0.1(typescript@5.0.2)
-      typescript: 5.0.2
+      ts-api-utils: 1.0.1(typescript@5.1.6)
+      typescript: 5.1.6
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
     dev: true
 
-  /@typescript-eslint/utils@6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /@typescript-eslint/utils@6.0.0(eslint@8.43.0)(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-SOr6l4NB6HE4H/ktz0JVVWNXqCJTOo/mHnvIte1ZhBQ0Cvd04x5uKZa3zT6tiodL06zf5xxdK8COiDvPnQ27JQ==}
     engines: {node: ^16.0.0 || >=18.0.0}
     peerDependencies:
@@ -9269,7 +9291,7 @@ packages:
       '@types/semver': 7.5.0
       '@typescript-eslint/scope-manager': 6.0.0
       '@typescript-eslint/types': 6.0.0
-      '@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree': 6.0.0(typescript@5.0.2)
+      '@typescript-eslint/typescript-estree': 6.0.0(typescript@5.1.6)
       eslint: 8.43.0
       eslint-scope: 5.1.1
       semver: 7.5.4
@@ -11444,14 +11466,14 @@ packages:
     dev: false
     optional: true
 
-  /esbuild-plugin-copy@2.1.1(esbuild@0.17.19):
+  /esbuild-plugin-copy@2.1.1(esbuild@0.18.16):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Bk66jpevTcV8KMFzZI1P7MZKZ+uDcrZm2G2egZ2jNIvVnivDpodZI+/KnpL3Jnap0PBdIHU7HwFGB8r+vV5CVw==}
     peerDependencies:
       esbuild: '>= 0.14.0'
     dependencies:
       chalk: 4.1.2
       chokidar: 3.5.3
-      esbuild: 0.17.19
+      esbuild: 0.18.16
       fs-extra: 10.1.0
       globby: 11.1.0
     dev: true
@@ -11614,6 +11636,7 @@ packages:
       '@esbuild/win32-arm64': 0.17.19
       '@esbuild/win32-ia32': 0.17.19
       '@esbuild/win32-x64': 0.17.19
+    dev: false
 
   /esbuild@0.18.16:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-1xLsOXrDqwdHxyXb/x/SOyg59jpf/SH7YMvU5RNSU7z3TInaASNJWNFJ6iRvLvLETZMasF3d1DdZLg7sgRimRQ==}
@@ -11844,7 +11867,7 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       '@types/estree-jsx': 1.0.0
       estree-util-is-identifier-name: 2.1.0
-      estree-walker: 3.0.0
+      estree-walker: 3.0.3
     dev: false
 
   /estree-util-is-identifier-name@2.1.0:
@@ -11876,8 +11899,10 @@ packages:
   /estree-walker@2.0.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Rfkk/Mp/DL7JVje3u18FxFujQlTNR2q6QfMSMB7AvCBx91NGj/ba3kCfza0f6dVDbw7YlRf/nDrn7pQrCCyQ/w==}
 
-  /estree-walker@3.0.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-s6ceX0NFiU/vKPiKvFdR83U1Zffu7upwZsGwpoqfg5rbbq1l50WQ5hCeIvM6E6oD4shUHCYMsiFPns4Jk0YfMQ==}
+  /estree-walker@3.0.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-7RUKfXgSMMkzt6ZuXmqapOurLGPPfgj6l9uRZ7lRGolvk0y2yocc35LdcxKC5PQZdn2DMqioAQ2NoWcrTKmm6g==}
+    dependencies:
+      '@types/estree': 1.0.1
     dev: false
 
   /esutils@2.0.3:
@@ -14561,12 +14586,12 @@ packages:
       typescript: 5.0.2
     dev: false
 
-  /network-information-types@0.1.1(typescript@5.0.4):
+  /network-information-types@0.1.1(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-mLXNafJYOkiJB6IlF727YWssTRpXitR+tKSLyA5VAdBi3SOvLf5gtizHgxf241YHPWocnAO/fAhVrB/68tPHDw==}
     peerDependencies:
       typescript: '>= 3.0.0'
     dependencies:
-      typescript: 5.0.4
+      typescript: 5.1.6
     dev: false
 
   /nice-try@1.0.5:
@@ -15109,7 +15134,7 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-vKiQ8RRtkl9P+r/+oefh25C3fhybptkHKCZSPlcXiJux2tJF55GnEj3BVn4A5gKfq9NWWXXrxkHBwVPUfH0opw==}
     dependencies:
       '@types/estree': 1.0.1
-      estree-walker: 3.0.0
+      estree-walker: 3.0.3
       is-reference: 3.0.1
     dev: false
 
@@ -16115,7 +16140,7 @@ packages:
       mdast-util-to-hast: 12.3.0
       unified: 10.1.2
 
-  /remark-shiki-twoslash@3.1.3(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /remark-shiki-twoslash@3.1.3(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-4e8OH3ySOCw5wUbDcPszokOKjKuebOqlP2WlySvC7ITBOq27BiGsFlq+FNWhxppZ+JzhTWah4gQrnMjX3KDbAQ==}
     peerDependencies:
       typescript: '>3'
@@ -16126,9 +16151,9 @@ packages:
       fenceparser: 1.1.1
       regenerator-runtime: 0.13.11
       shiki: 0.10.1
-      shiki-twoslash: 3.1.2(typescript@5.0.2)
+      shiki-twoslash: 3.1.2(typescript@5.1.6)
       tslib: 2.1.0
-      typescript: 5.0.2
+      typescript: 5.1.6
       unist-util-visit: 2.0.3
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
@@ -16533,7 +16558,7 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-6j1W9l1iAs/4xYBI1SYOVZyFcCis9b4KCLQ8fgAGG07QvzaRLVVRQvAy85yNmmZSjYjg4MWh4gNvlPujU/5LpA==}
     dev: true
 
-  /shiki-twoslash@3.1.2(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /shiki-twoslash@3.1.2(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-JBcRIIizi+exIA/OUhYkV6jtyeZco0ykCkIRd5sgwIt1Pm4pz+maoaRZpm6SkhPwvif4fCA7xOtJOykhpIV64Q==}
     peerDependencies:
       typescript: '>3'
@@ -16542,7 +16567,7 @@ packages:
       '@typescript/vfs': 1.3.4
       fenceparser: 1.1.1
       shiki: 0.10.1
-      typescript: 5.0.2
+      typescript: 5.1.6
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
     dev: true
@@ -16997,7 +17022,7 @@ packages:
       svelte: 3.59.1
     dev: false
 
-  /svelte2tsx@0.6.15(svelte@3.59.1)(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /svelte2tsx@0.6.15(svelte@3.59.1)(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-+j6RmA3g5pPs1DHa/rdzJjjhZuCfWx0IbNPaR99A2bvOSPPY6BlVkBGU0urI+DGcWHhYEG28Flo942KqlAkpEQ==}
     peerDependencies:
       svelte: ^3.55 || ^4.0
@@ -17009,7 +17034,7 @@ packages:
       dedent-js: 1.0.1
       pascal-case: 3.1.2
       svelte: 3.59.1
-      typescript: 5.0.2
+      typescript: 5.1.6
     dev: false
 
   /svelte@3.59.1:
@@ -17254,13 +17279,13 @@ packages:
   /trough@2.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-AqTiAOLcj85xS7vQ8QkAV41hPDIJ71XJB4RCUrzo/1GM2CQwhkJGaf9Hgr7BOugMRpgGUrqRg/DrBDl4H40+8g==}
 
-  /ts-api-utils@1.0.1(typescript@5.0.2):
+  /ts-api-utils@1.0.1(typescript@5.1.6):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-lC/RGlPmwdrIBFTX59wwNzqh7aR2otPNPR/5brHZm/XKFYKsfqxihXUe9pU3JI+3vGkl+vyCoNNnPhJn3aLK1A==}
     engines: {node: '>=16.13.0'}
     peerDependencies:
       typescript: '>=4.2.0'
     dependencies:
-      typescript: 5.0.2
+      typescript: 5.1.6
     dev: true
 
   /ts-interface-checker@0.1.13:
@@ -17459,13 +17484,13 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wVORMBGO/FAs/++blGNeAVdbNKtIh1rbBL2EyQ1+J9lClJ93KiiKe8PmFIVdXhHcyv44SL9oglmfeSsndo0jRw==}
     engines: {node: '>=12.20'}
     hasBin: true
-
-  /typescript@5.0.4:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-cW9T5W9xY37cc+jfEnaUvX91foxtHkza3Nw3wkoF4sSlKn0MONdkdEndig/qPBWXNkmplh3NzayQzCiHM4/hqw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=12.20'}
-    hasBin: true
     dev: false
 
+  /typescript@5.1.6:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-zaWCozRZ6DLEWAWFrVDz1H6FVXzUSfTy5FUMWsQlU8Ym5JP9eO4xkTIROFCQvhQf61z6O/G6ugw3SgAnvvm+HA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=14.17'}
+    hasBin: true
+
   /ufo@1.1.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-TrY6DsjTQQgyS3E3dBaOXf0TpPD8u9FVrVYmKVegJuFw51n/YB9XPt+U6ydzFG5ZIN7+DIjPbNmXoBj9esYhgQ==}
     dev: false
@@ -18653,7 +18678,7 @@ packages:
     id: file:packages/astro
     name: astro
     version: 2.9.2
-    engines: {node: '>=16.12.0', npm: '>=6.14.0'}
+    engines: {node: '>=18.14.1', npm: '>=6.14.0'}
     hasBin: true
     peerDependencies:
       sharp: '>=0.31.0'
@@ -18687,8 +18712,8 @@ packages:
       devalue: 4.3.2
       diff: 5.1.0
       es-module-lexer: 1.3.0
-      esbuild: 0.17.19
-      estree-walker: 3.0.0
+      esbuild: 0.18.16
+      estree-walker: 3.0.3
       execa: 6.1.0
       fast-glob: 3.2.12
       github-slugger: 2.0.0
@@ -18698,7 +18723,7 @@ packages:
       kleur: 4.1.5
       magic-string: 0.27.0
       mime: 3.0.0
-      network-information-types: 0.1.1(typescript@5.0.4)
+      network-information-types: 0.1.1(typescript@5.1.6)
       ora: 6.3.1
       p-limit: 4.0.0
       path-to-regexp: 6.2.1
@@ -18711,7 +18736,7 @@ packages:
       string-width: 5.1.2
       strip-ansi: 7.1.0
       tsconfig-resolver: 3.0.1
-      typescript: 5.0.4
+      typescript: 5.1.6
       unist-util-visit: 4.1.2
       vfile: 5.3.7
       vite: 4.4.6(@types/node@18.16.18)(sass@1.63.4)
@@ -18773,7 +18798,7 @@ packages:
       '@astrojs/webapi': 2.2.0
       '@netlify/functions': 1.6.0
       astro: file:packages/astro(@types/node@18.16.18)
-      esbuild: 0.15.18
+      esbuild: 0.18.16
     dev: false
 
   file:packages/integrations/vercel(astro@2.9.2):
@@ -18789,7 +18814,7 @@ packages:
       '@vercel/analytics': 0.1.11
       '@vercel/nft': 0.22.6
       astro: file:packages/astro(@types/node@18.16.18)
-      esbuild: 0.17.19
+      esbuild: 0.18.16
       fast-glob: 3.2.12
       set-cookie-parser: 2.6.0
       web-vitals: 3.3.2
diff --git a/scripts/cmd/build.js b/scripts/cmd/build.js
index 6d1189b71..b516e6b51 100644
--- a/scripts/cmd/build.js
+++ b/scripts/cmd/build.js
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ const defaultConfig = {
 	minify: false,
 	format: 'esm',
 	platform: 'node',
-	target: 'node16',
+	target: 'node18',
 	sourcemap: false,
 	sourcesContent: false,
 };
diff --git a/scripts/package.json b/scripts/package.json
index 1bb517750..8a962b5c7 100644
--- a/scripts/package.json
+++ b/scripts/package.json
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
   "dependencies": {
     "@astrojs/webapi": "workspace:*",
     "arg": "^5.0.2",
-    "esbuild": "^0.17.19",
+    "esbuild": "^0.18.16",
     "globby": "^12.2.0",
     "kleur": "^4.1.4",
     "p-limit": "^4.0.0",
diff --git a/tsconfig.base.json b/tsconfig.base.json
index 0eb3c65c1..337005ad4 100644
--- a/tsconfig.base.json
+++ b/tsconfig.base.json
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
     "declaration": true,
     "emitDeclarationOnly": true,
     "strict": true,
-    "moduleResolution": "node",
+    // All packages are built with ESBuild, so we can use `moduleResolution: 'bundler'`
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
     "esModuleInterop": true,
     "skipLibCheck": true,
     "verbatimModuleSyntax": true