diff --git a/src/Properties.lagda b/src/Properties.lagda index 32a66e52..012317ab 100644 --- a/src/Properties.lagda +++ b/src/Properties.lagda @@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ right. + *Multiplication distributes over addition*. Show - (m + n) * p = m * p + n * p + (m + n) * p ≡ m * p + n * p for all naturals `m`, `n`, and `p`. Name your proof `*-distrib-+`. @@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ right. + *Multiplication is commutative*. Show - m * n = n * m + m * n ≡ n * m for all naturals `m` and `n`. As with commutativity of addition, you will need to formulate and prove suitable lemmas. @@ -602,21 +602,21 @@ right. + *Monus from zero* Show - zero ∸ n = zero + zero ∸ n ≡ zero for all naturals `n`. Did your proof require induction? Name your proof `0∸n≡0`. + *Associativity of monus with addition* Show - m ∸ n ∸ p = m ∸ (n + p) + m ∸ n ∸ p ≡ m ∸ (n + p) for all naturals `m`, `n`, and `p`. Name your proof `∸-+-assoc`. ## Unicode -In this chapter we use the following unicode. +In this chapter we introduced the following unicode. ≡ U+2261 IDENTICAL TO (\==) ∀ U+2200 FOR ALL (\forall) diff --git a/src/Relations.lagda b/src/Relations.lagda index 9fc00dbd..fe2ef751 100644 --- a/src/Relations.lagda +++ b/src/Relations.lagda @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ the next step is to define relations, such as *less than or equal*. \begin{code} open import Naturals using (ℕ; zero; suc; _+_; _*_; _∸_) -open import Properties using (+-comm) +open import Properties using (+-comm; +-identity; +-suc) open import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality using (_≡_; refl) \end{code} @@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ monotonic on the left. This follows from the previous result and the commutativity of addition. \begin{code} +-monoˡ-≤ : ∀ (m n p : ℕ) → m ≤ n → m + p ≤ n + p -+-monoˡ-≤ m n p m≤n rewrite +-comm m p | +-comm n p = +-monoˡ-≤ p m n m≤n ++-monoˡ-≤ m n p m≤n rewrite +-comm m p | +-comm n p = +-monoʳ-≤ p m n m≤n \end{code} Rewriting by `+-comm m p` and `+-comm n p` converts `m + p ≤ n + p` into `p + m ≤ p + n`, which is proved by invoking `+-monoʳ-≤ p m n m≤n`. @@ -398,30 +398,34 @@ Invoking `+-monoˡ-≤ m n p m≤n` proves `m + p ≤ n + p` and invoking transitivity proves `m + p ≤ n + q`, as was to be shown. -## Other results --- use these as exercises +## Exercises +We can define strict comparison similarly to comparison. \begin{code} -assoc+∸ : ∀ (m n : ℕ) → m ≤ n → m + (n ∸ m) ≡ n -assoc+∸ zero n z≤n = refl -assoc+∸ (suc m) (suc n) (s≤s m≤n) rewrite assoc+∸ m n m≤n = refl - data _<_ : ℕ → ℕ → Set where z if `m < n` and `n < p` then `m < p` + + for all naturals `m`, `n`, and `p`. Name your proof `<-trans`. + ++ *Trichotomy* Corresponding to anti-symmetry and totality + of comparison, we have trichotomy for strict comparison. + Show that for any given any naturals `m` and `n` that + `Trichotomy m n` holds, using the defintions below. + Name your proof `trichotomy`. + \begin{code} _>_ : ℕ → ℕ → Set n > m = m < n @@ -432,22 +436,56 @@ data Trichotomy : ℕ → ℕ → Set where less : ∀ {m n : ℕ} → m < n → Trichotomy m n same : ∀ {m n : ℕ} → m ≡ n → Trichotomy m n more : ∀ {m n : ℕ} → m > n → Trichotomy m n - -trichotomy : ∀ (m n : ℕ) → Trichotomy m n -trichotomy zero zero = same refl -trichotomy zero (suc n) = less z if `m < n` and `p < q` then `m + n < p + q`. + + Name your proof `+-mono-<`. + ++ *Relate strict comparison to comparison* + Show that `m < n` if and only if `suc m ≤ n`. + Name the two parts of your proof + `<-implies-≤` and `≤-implies-<` + + To confirm your understanding, you should prove transitivity, trichotomy, + and monotonicity for `<` directly by modifying + the original proofs for `≤`. Once you've done so, you may then wish to redo + the proofs exploiting the last exercise, so each property of `<` becomes + an easy consequence of the corresponding property for `≤`. + ++ *Even and odd* Another example of a useful relation is to define + even and odd numbers, as done below. Using these definitions, show + that if `n` is even then there exists an `m` such that `n ≡ 2 * m`, + and if `n` is odd then there exists an `m` such that `n ≡ 2 * m + 1`. + (This exercise requires existentials from the chapter on Logic.) + +\begin{code} +mutual + data even : ℕ → Set where + zero : even zero + suc : ∀ {n : ℕ} → odd n → even (suc n) + data odd : ℕ → Set where + suc : ∀ {n : ℕ} → even n → odd (suc n) +\end{code} +The keyword `mutual` indicates that the nested definitions +are mutually recursive. + + + + ## Unicode In this chapter we use the following unicode. - ≡ U+2261 IDENTICAL TO (\==) - ∀ U+2200 FOR ALL (\forall) - λ U+03BB GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMBDA (\Gl, \lambda) + ≤ U+2264 LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO (\<=, \le) + ˡ U+02E1 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L (\^l) + ʳ U+02B3 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL R (\^r) + ₁ U+2081 SUBSCRIPT ONE (\_1) + ₂ U+2082 SUBSCRIPT TWO (\_2) +