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feat(library/standard/hott/path.lean): add theorems and clean up file

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Jeremy Avigad 2014-08-12 13:00:09 -07:00 committed by Leonardo de Moura
parent 7d7655c3f1
commit a1645c5ce5
1 changed files with 78 additions and 306 deletions
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library/standard/hott/path.lean
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@ -2,10 +2,15 @@
-- Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
-- Author: Jeremy Avigad
-- Ported from Coq HoTT
--
-- TODO: things to test:
-- o To what extent can we use opaque definitions outside the file?
-- o Try doing these proofs with tactics.
-- o Try using the simplifier on some of these proofs.
import general_notation struc.function tools.tactic
import general_notation struc.function
using tactic function
using function
-- Path
-- ----
@ -185,13 +190,10 @@ induction_on p (take q h, h @ (concat_1p _)) q
-- Transport
-- ---------
-- keep transparent, so transport _ idp p is definitionally equal to p
-- TODO: keep transparent?
abbreviation transport {A : Type} (P : A → Type) {x y : A} (p : x ≈ y) (u : P x) : P y :=
path.induction_on p u
definition transport_1 {A : Type} (P : A → Type) {x : A} (u : P x) : transport _ idp u ≈ u :=
idp
-- This idiom makes the operation right associative.
notation p `#`:65 x:64 := transport _ p x
@ -218,6 +220,14 @@ definition apD {A:Type} {B : A → Type} (f : Πa:A, B a) {x y : A} (p : x ≈ y
induction_on p idp
-- calc enviroment
-- ---------------
calc_subst transport
calc_trans concat
calc_refl idpath
-- More theorems for moving things around in equations
-- ---------------------------------------------------
@ -247,7 +257,7 @@ induction_on p (take u v, id) u v
-- Functions take identity paths to identity paths
definition ap_1 {A B : Type} (x : A) (f : A → B) : (ap f idp) ≈ idp :> (f x ≈ f x) := idp
definition apD_1 {A B} (x : A) (f : forall x : A, B x) : apD f idp ≈ idp :> (f x ≈ f x) := idp
definition apD_1 {A B} (x : A) (f : Π x : A, B x) : apD f idp ≈ idp :> (f x ≈ f x) := idp
-- Functions commute with concatenation.
definition ap_pp {A B : Type} (f : A → B) {x y z : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) :
@ -261,28 +271,6 @@ induction_on p (take r q, induction_on q (concat_p_pp r idp idp)) r q
definition ap_pp_p {A B : Type} (f : A → B) {w x y z : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) (r : f z ≈ f w) :
(ap f (p @ q)) @ r ≈ (ap f p) @ (ap f q @ r) :=
induction_on p (take q, induction_on q (take r, concat_pp_p _ _ _)) q r
-- induction_on p (take q : x ≈ z, induction_on q (take r : f x ≈ f w, concat_pp_p idp idp r)) q r
-- TODO: can we do this proof using tactics?
-- proof
-- apply (induction_on p _ q r),
-- apply (take q, induction_on q _),
-- apply (concat_pp_p idp idp r)
-- qed
-- proof
-- apply (induction_on p _ q r),
-- take q, proof
-- apply (induction_on q),
-- take r,
-- apply concat_pp_p
-- qed
-- qed
-- Coq proof:
-- Proof.
-- destruct p, q. simpl. exact (concat_pp_p idp idp r).
-- Defined.
-- Functions commute with path inverses.
definition inverse_ap {A B : Type} (f : A → B) {x y : A} (p : x ≈ y) : (ap f p)^ ≈ ap f (p^) :=
@ -293,7 +281,6 @@ induction_on p idp
-- [ap] itself is functorial in the first argument.
-- TODO: rename id to idmap?
definition ap_idmap {A : Type} {x y : A} (p : x ≈ y) : ap id p ≈ p :=
induction_on p idp
@ -312,135 +299,72 @@ definition ap_const {A B : Type} {x y : A} (p : x ≈ y) (z : B) :
induction_on p idp
-- Naturality of [ap].
definition concat_Ap {A B : Type} {f g : A → B} (p : forall x, f x ≈ g x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y) :
definition concat_Ap {A B : Type} {f g : A → B} (p : Π x, f x ≈ g x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y) :
(ap f q) @ (p y) ≈ (p x) @ (ap g q) :=
induction_on q (concat_1p _ @ (concat_p1 _)^)
-- Naturality of [ap] at identity.
definition concat_A1p {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : forall x, f x ≈ x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y) :
definition concat_A1p {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : Πx, f x ≈ x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y) :
(ap f q) @ (p y) ≈ (p x) @ q :=
induction_on q (concat_1p _ @ (concat_p1 _)^)
definition concat_pA1 {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : forall x, x ≈ f x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y) :
definition concat_pA1 {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : Πx, x ≈ f x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y) :
(p x) @ (ap f q) ≈ q @ (p y) :=
induction_on q (concat_p1 _ @ (concat_1p _)^)
-- TODO: move these
calc_subst transport
calc_trans concat
calc_refl idpath
-- Naturality with other paths hanging around.
definition concat_pA_pp {A B : Type} {f g : A → B} (p : forall x, f x ≈ g x)
{x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
definition concat_pA_pp {A B : Type} {f g : A → B} (p : Πx, f x ≈ g x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w z : B} (r : w ≈ f x) (s : g y ≈ z) :
(r @ ap f q) @ (p y @ s) ≈ (r @ p x) @ (ap g q @ s) :=
induction_on q (induction_on s
induction_on s (induction_on q idp)
definition concat_pA_p {A B : Type} {f g : A → B} (p : Πx, f x ≈ g x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w : B} (r : w ≈ f x) :
(r @ ap f q) @ p y ≈ (r @ p x) @ ap g q :=
induction_on q idp
-- TODO: try this using the simplifier, and compare proofs
definition concat_A_pp {A B : Type} {f g : A → B} (p : Πx, f x ≈ g x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{z : B} (s : g y ≈ z) :
(ap f q) @ (p y @ s) ≈ (p x) @ (ap g q @ s) :=
induction_on s (induction_on q
(calc
(r @ (ap f q)) @ ((p y) @ (idpath (g y))) ≈ (r @ (ap f q)) @ (p y) : {concat_p1 _}
... ≈ r @ ((ap f q) @ (p y)) : concat_pp_p _ _ _
... ≈ r @ ((p x) @ (ap g q)) : {concat_Ap p q}
... ≈ (r @ (p x)) @ ((ap g q)) : concat_p_pp _ _ _
... ≈ (r @ (p x)) @ ((ap g q) @ (idpath (g y))) : {concat_p1 _}))
(ap f idp) @ (p x @ idp) ≈ idp @ p x : idp
... ≈ p x : concat_1p _
... ≈ (p x) @ (ap g idp @ idp) : idp))
-- This also works:
-- induction_on s (induction_on q (concat_1p _ # idp))
-- TODO: the Coq proof of the previous theorem is much shorter:
-- Proof.
-- destruct q, s; simpl.
-- repeat rewrite concat_p1.
-- reflexivity.
-- Defined.
definition concat_pA1_pp {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : Πx, f x ≈ x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w z : A} (r : w ≈ f x) (s : y ≈ z) :
(r @ ap f q) @ (p y @ s) ≈ (r @ p x) @ (q @ s) :=
induction_on s (induction_on q idp)
(-- TODO: These are similar
definition concat_pp_A1p {A : Type} {g : A → A} (p : Πx, x ≈ g x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w z : A} (r : w ≈ x) (s : g y ≈ z) :
(r @ p x) @ (ap g q @ s) ≈ (r @ q) @ (p y @ s) :=
induction_on s (induction_on q idp)
definition concat_pA_p {A B : Type} {f g : A → B} (p : forall x, f x ≈ g x)
{x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w : B} (r : w ≈ f x)
:
(r @ ap f q) @ p y ≈ (r @ p x) @ ap g q.
Proof.
destruct q; simpl.
repeat rewrite concat_p1.
reflexivity.
Defined.
definition concat_pA1_p {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : Πx, f x ≈ x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w : A} (r : w ≈ f x) :
(r @ ap f q) @ p y ≈ (r @ p x) @ q :=
induction_on q idp
definition concat_A_pp {A B : Type} {f g : A → B} (p : forall x, f x ≈ g x)
{x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{z : B} (s : g y ≈ z)
:
(ap f q) @ (p y @ s) ≈ (p x) @ (ap g q @ s).
Proof.
destruct q, s; simpl.
repeat rewrite concat_p1, concat_1p.
reflexivity.
Defined.
definition concat_A1_pp {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : Πx, f x ≈ x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{z : A} (s : y ≈ z) :
(ap f q) @ (p y @ s) ≈ (p x) @ (q @ s) :=
induction_on s (induction_on q (concat_1p _ # idp))
definition concat_pA1_pp {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : forall x, f x ≈ x)
{x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w z : A} (r : w ≈ f x) (s : y ≈ z)
:
(r @ ap f q) @ (p y @ s) ≈ (r @ p x) @ (q @ s).
Proof.
destruct q, s; simpl.
repeat rewrite concat_p1.
reflexivity.
Defined.
definition concat_pp_A1 {A : Type} {g : A → A} (p : Πx, x ≈ g x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w : A} (r : w ≈ x) :
(r @ p x) @ ap g q ≈ (r @ q) @ p y :=
induction_on q idp
definition concat_pp_A1p {A : Type} {g : A → A} (p : forall x, x ≈ g x)
{x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w z : A} (r : w ≈ x) (s : g y ≈ z)
:
(r @ p x) @ (ap g q @ s) ≈ (r @ q) @ (p y @ s).
Proof.
destruct q, s; simpl.
repeat rewrite concat_p1.
reflexivity.
Defined.
definition concat_pA1_p {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : forall x, f x ≈ x)
{x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w : A} (r : w ≈ f x)
:
(r @ ap f q) @ p y ≈ (r @ p x) @ q.
Proof.
destruct q; simpl.
repeat rewrite concat_p1.
reflexivity.
Defined.
definition concat_A1_pp {A : Type} {f : A → A} (p : forall x, f x ≈ x)
{x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{z : A} (s : y ≈ z)
:
(ap f q) @ (p y @ s) ≈ (p x) @ (q @ s).
Proof.
destruct q, s; simpl.
repeat rewrite concat_p1, concat_1p.
reflexivity.
Defined.
definition concat_pp_A1 {A : Type} {g : A → A} (p : forall x, x ≈ g x)
{x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{w : A} (r : w ≈ x)
:
(r @ p x) @ ap g q ≈ (r @ q) @ p y.
Proof.
destruct q; simpl.
repeat rewrite concat_p1.
reflexivity.
Defined.
definition concat_p_A1p {A : Type} {g : A → A} (p : forall x, x ≈ g x)
{x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{z : A} (s : g y ≈ z)
:
p x @ (ap g q @ s) ≈ q @ (p y @ s).
Proof.
destruct q, s; simpl.
repeat rewrite concat_p1, concat_1p.
reflexivity.
Defined.
--)
definition concat_p_A1p {A : Type} {g : A → A} (p : Πx, x ≈ g x) {x y : A} (q : x ≈ y)
{z : A} (s : g y ≈ z) :
p x @ (ap g q @ s) ≈ q @ (p y @ s) :=
induction_on s (induction_on q (concat_1p _ # idp))
-- Action of [apD10] and [ap10] on paths
@ -474,9 +398,8 @@ induction_on p idp
-- Transport and the groupoid structure of paths
-- ---------------------------------------------
-- TODO: move from above?
-- definition transport_1 {A : Type} (P : A → Type) {x : A} (u : P x)
-- : idp # u ≈ u := idp
definition transport_1 {A : Type} (P : A → Type) {x : A} (u : P x) :
idp # u ≈ u := idp
definition transport_pp {A : Type} (P : A → Type) {x y z : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) (u : P x) :
p @ q # u ≈ q # p # u :=
@ -490,142 +413,18 @@ definition transport_Vp {A : Type} (P : A → Type) {x y : A} (p : x ≈ y) (z :
p^ # p # z ≈ z :=
(transport_pp P p (p^) z)^ @ ap (λr, transport P r z) (concat_pV p)
-----------------------------------------------
-- TODO: Examples of difficult induction problems
-----------------------------------------------
theorem double_induction
{A : Type} {x y z : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z)
{C : Π(x y z : A), Π(p : x ≈ y), Π(q : y ≈ z), Type}
(H : C x x x (idpath x) (idpath x)) :
C x y z p q :=
induction_on p (take z q, induction_on q H) z q
theorem double_induction2
{A : Type} {x y z : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : z ≈ y)
{C : Π(x y z : A), Π(p : x ≈ y), Π(q : z ≈ y), Type}
(H : C z z z (idpath z) (idpath z)) :
C x y z p q :=
induction_on p (take y q, induction_on q H) y q
theorem double_induction2'
{A : Type} {x y z : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : z ≈ y)
{C : Π(x y z : A), Π(p : x ≈ y), Π(q : z ≈ y), Type}
(H : C z z z (idpath z) (idpath z)) : C x y z p q :=
induction_on p (take y q, induction_on q H) y q
theorem triple_induction
{A : Type} {x y z w : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) (r : z ≈ w)
{C : Π(x y z w : A), Π(p : x ≈ y), Π(q : y ≈ z), Π(r: z ≈ w), Type}
(H : C x x x x (idpath x) (idpath x) (idpath x)) :
C x y z w p q r :=
induction_on p (take z q, induction_on q (take w r, induction_on r H)) z q w r
-- try this again
definition concat_pV_p_new {A : Type} {x y z : A} (p : x ≈ z) (q : y ≈ z) : (p @ q^) @ q ≈ p :=
double_induction2 p q idp
-- old proof:
-- induction_on q (take p, induction_on p idp) p
-- This is an attempt to do it as a tactic proof
-- proof
-- apply (induction_on q _ p),
-- take p,
-- apply (induction_on p idp)
-- qed
-- set_option unifier.max_steps 1000000
-- TODO: update: this no longer works, but it used to (it took a couple of seconds)
-- theorem test {A : Type} (P : A → Type) (x : A) (u_1 : P x) :
-- path
-- (concat
-- (concat (ap (λ (e : path x x), transport P e u_1) (concat_p_pp (idpath x) (idpath x) (idpath x)))
-- (transport_pp P (concat (idpath x) (idpath x)) (idpath x) u_1))
-- (ap (transport P (idpath x)) (transport_pp P (idpath x) (idpath x) u_1)))
-- (concat (transport_pp P (idpath x) (concat (idpath x) (idpath x)) u_1)
-- (transport_pp P (idpath x) (idpath x) (transport P (idpath x) u_1))) :=
-- idp
-- definition transport_p_pp {A : Type} (P : A → Type)
-- {x y z w : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) (r : z ≈ w) (u : P x) :
-- ap (λe, e # u) (concat_p_pp p q r) @ (transport_pp P (p @ q) r u) @
-- ap (transport P r) (transport_pp P p q u)
-- ≈ (transport_pp P p (q @ r) u) @ (transport_pp P q r (p # u))
-- :> ((p @ (q @ r)) # u ≈ r # q # p # u) :=
-- triple_induction p q r _ u
-- triple_induction p q r (take u, test P x u) u
-- this doesn't work, even with max_steps = 100000
--double_induction p q (take r, induction_on r (take u, test P x u))) r u
-- even this doesn't work!
-- definition transport_p_pp' {A : Type} (P : A → Type)
-- {x y z w : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) (r : z ≈ w) (u : P x) :
-- ap (λe, e # u) (concat_p_pp p q r) @ (transport_pp P (p @ q) r u) @
-- ap (transport P r) (transport_pp P p q u)
-- ≈ (transport_pp P p (q @ r) u) @ (transport_pp P q r (p # u))
-- :> ((p @ (q @ r)) # u ≈ r # q # p # u) :=
-- have aux:
-- Πu_1 : P x, path
-- (concat
-- (concat (ap (λ (e : path x x), transport' e u_1) (concat_p_pp (idpath x) (idpath x) (idpath x)))
-- (transport_pp P (concat (idpath x) (idpath x)) (idpath x) u_1))
-- (ap (transport P (idpath x)) (transport_pp P (idpath x) (idpath x) u_1)))
-- (concat (transport_pp P (idpath x) (concat (idpath x) (idpath x)) u_1)
-- (transport_pp P (idpath x) (idpath x) (transport' (idpath x) u_1))), from take u_1, idp,
-- triple_induction p q r (take u, aux u) u
-- This works with max_steps = 10000
-- definition transport_p_pp {A : Type} (P : A → Type)
-- {x y z w : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) (r : z ≈ w) (u : P x) :
-- ap (λe, e # u) (concat_p_pp p q r) @ (transport_pp P (p @ q) r u) @
-- ap (transport P r) (transport_pp P p q u)
-- ≈ (transport_pp P p (q @ r) u) @ (transport_pp P q r (p # u))
-- :> ((p @ (q @ r)) # u ≈ r # q # p # u) :=
-- induction_on p (take q, induction_on q (take r, induction_on r (take u, test P x u))) q r u
-- This shows the goal, with max_steps = 100000
-- definition transport_p_pp {A : Type} (P : A → Type)
-- {x y z w : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) (r : z ≈ w) (u : P x) :
-- ap (λe, e # u) (concat_p_pp p q r) @ (transport_pp P (p @ q) r u) @
-- ap (transport P r) (transport_pp P p q u)
-- ≈ (transport_pp P p (q @ r) u) @ (transport_pp P q r (p # u))
-- :> ((p @ (q @ r)) # u ≈ r # q # p # u) :=
-- induction_on p (take q, induction_on q (take r, induction_on r (take u, _)))) q r u
-- Back to the regular development
-- In the future, we may expect to need some higher coherence for transport:
-- for instance, that transport acting on the associator is trivial.
-- set_option unifier.max_steps 1000000
-- TODO: we cannot get this yet
-- in Coq, the type annotation is only for clarity -- it is not needed
definition transport_p_pp {A : Type} (P : A → Type)
{x y z w : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) (r : z ≈ w) (u : P x) :
ap (λe, e # u) (concat_p_pp p q r) @ (transport_pp P (p @ q) r u) @
ap (transport P r) (transport_pp P p q u)
≈ (transport_pp P p (q @ r) u) @ (transport_pp P q r (p # u))
:> ((p @ (q @ r)) # u ≈ r # q # p # u) :=
sorry
(-- Coq proof:
Proof.
destruct p, q, r. simpl. exact 1.
Defined.
--)
induction_on r (induction_on q (induction_on p idp))
-- Here is another coherence lemma for transport.
definition transport_pVp {A} (P : A → Type) {x y : A} (p : x ≈ y) (z : P x) :
transport_pV P p (transport P p z) ≈ ap (transport P p) (transport_Vp P p z)
:= induction_on p idp
transport_pV P p (transport P p z) ≈ ap (transport P p) (transport_Vp P p z) :=
induction_on p idp
-- Dependent transport in a doubly dependent type.
definition transportD {A : Type} (B : A → Type) (C : Π a : A, B a → Type)
@ -635,7 +434,8 @@ induction_on p z
-- Transporting along higher-dimensional paths
definition transport2 {A : Type} (P : A → Type) {x y : A} {p q : x ≈ y} (r : p ≈ q) (z : P x) :
p # z ≈ q # z := ap (λp', p' # z) r
p # z ≈ q # z :=
ap (λp', p' # z) r
-- An alternative definition.
definition transport2_is_ap10 {A : Type} (Q : A → Type) {x y : A} {p q : x ≈ y} (r : p ≈ q)
@ -793,22 +593,7 @@ definition pentagon {A : Type} {v w x y z : A} (p : v ≈ w) (q : w ≈ x) (r :
@ concat_p_pp p (q @ r) s
@ whiskerR (concat_p_pp p q r) s
≈ concat_p_pp p q (r @ s) @ concat_p_pp (p @ q) r s :=
sorry
-- induction_on p (induction_on q (induction_on r (induction_on s idp)))
(-- The Coq proof:
-- The "pentagonator": the 3-cell witnessing the associativity pentagon.
definition pentagon {A : Type} {v w x y z : A} (p : v ≈ w) (q : w ≈ x) (r : x ≈ y) (s : y ≈ z)
: whiskerL p (concat_p_pp q r s)
@ concat_p_pp p (q@r) s
@ whiskerR (concat_p_pp p q r) s
≈ concat_p_pp p q (r@s) @ concat_p_pp (p@q) r s.
Proof.
case p, q, r, s. reflexivity.
Defined.
--)
induction_on p (take q, induction_on q (take r, induction_on r (take s, induction_on s idp))) q r s
-- The 3-cell witnessing the left unit triangle.
definition triangulator {A : Type} {x y z : A} (p : x ≈ y) (q : y ≈ z) :
@ -824,7 +609,6 @@ definition eckmann_hilton {A : Type} {x:A} (p q : idp ≈ idp :> (x ≈ x)) : p
@ (concat_p1 _ @@ concat_p1 _)^
@ (whiskerL_1p q @@ whiskerR_p1 p)
-- The action of functions on 2-dimensional paths
definition ap02 {A B : Type} (f:A → B) {x y : A} {p q : x ≈ y} (r : p ≈ q) : ap f p ≈ ap f q :=
induction_on r idp
@ -838,7 +622,8 @@ definition ap02_p2p {A B} (f : A → B) {x y z : A} {p p' : x ≈ y} {q q' :y
ap02 f (r @@ s) ≈ ap_pp f p q
@ (ap02 f r @@ ap02 f s)
@ (ap_pp f p' q')^ :=
sorry
induction_on r (induction_on s (induction_on q (induction_on p idp)))
-- induction_on r (induction_on s (induction_on p (induction_on q idp)))
definition apD02 {A : Type} {B : A → Type} {x y : A} {p q : x ≈ y} (f : Π x, B x) (r : p ≈ q) :
@ -852,29 +637,16 @@ definition apD02_pp {A} (B : A → Type) (f : Π x:A, B x) {x y : A}
@ whiskerL (transport2 B r1 (f x)) (apD02 f r2)
@ concat_p_pp _ _ _
@ (whiskerR ((transport2_p2p B r1 r2 (f x))^) (apD f p3)) :=
sorry
-- induction_on r1 (take r2, induction_on r2 (take p1, induction_on p1 idp)) r2 p1
induction_on r1 (take r2, induction_on r2 (induction_on p1 idp)) r2
(--
The Coq proof:
definition apD02_pp {A} (B : A → Type) (f : Π x:A, B x) {x y : A}
{p1 p2 p3 : x ≈ y} (r1 : p1 ≈ p2) (r2 : p2 ≈ p3)
: apD02 f (r1 @ r2)
≈ apD02 f r1
@ whiskerL (transport2 B r1 (f x)) (apD02 f r2)
@ concat_p_pp _ _ _
@ (whiskerR (transport2_p2p B r1 r2 (f x))^ (apD f p3)).
Proof.
destruct r1, r2. destruct p1. reflexivity.
Defined.
(-- From the Coq version:
--)
(--
-- ** Tactics, hints, and aliases
-- [concat], with arguments flipped. Useful mainly in the idiom [apply (concatR (expression))]. Given as a notation not a definition so that the resultant terms are literally instances of [concat], with no unfolding required.
-- [concat], with arguments flipped. Useful mainly in the idiom [apply (concatR (expression))].
-- Given as a notation not a definition so that the resultant terms are literally instances of
-- [concat], with no unfolding required.
Notation concatR := (λp q, concat q p).
Hint Resolve