--- Copyright (c) 2014 Floris van Doorn. All rights reserved. --- Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE. --- Author: Floris van Doorn, Leonardo de Moura -- data.nat.order -- ============== -- -- The ordering on the natural numbers import .basic open eq.ops namespace nat -- TODO: move this theorem lt_iff_succ_le (m n : nat) : m < n ↔ succ m ≤ n := iff.intro succ_le_of_lt lt_of_succ_le -- Less than or equal -- ------------------ theorem le.succ_right {n m : ℕ} (h : n ≤ m) : n ≤ succ m := lt.step h theorem le.add_right (n k : ℕ) : n ≤ n + k := induction_on k (calc n ≤ n : le.refl n ... = n + zero : add_zero) (λ k (ih : n ≤ n + k), calc n ≤ succ (n + k) : le.succ_right ih ... = n + succ k : add_succ) theorem le_intro {n m k : ℕ} (h : n + k = m) : n ≤ m := h ▸ le.add_right n k theorem le_elim {n m : ℕ} (h : n ≤ m) : ∃k, n + k = m := le.rec_on h (exists.intro 0 rfl) (λ m (h : n < m), lt.rec_on h (exists.intro 1 rfl) (λ b hlt (ih : ∃ (k : ℕ), n + k = b), obtain (k : ℕ) (h : n + k = b), from ih, exists.intro (succ k) (calc n + succ k = succ (n + k) : add_succ ... = succ b : h))) -- ### partial order (totality is part of less than) theorem le_refl (n : ℕ) : n ≤ n := le.refl n theorem zero_le (n : ℕ) : 0 ≤ n := le_intro !zero_add theorem le_zero {n : ℕ} (H : n ≤ 0) : n = 0 := obtain (k : ℕ) (Hk : n + k = 0), from le_elim H, eq_zero_of_add_eq_zero_right Hk theorem not_succ_zero_le (n : ℕ) : ¬ succ n ≤ 0 := (assume H : succ n ≤ 0, have H2 : succ n = 0, from le_zero H, absurd H2 !succ_ne_zero) theorem le_trans {n m k : ℕ} (H1 : n ≤ m) (H2 : m ≤ k) : n ≤ k := le.trans H1 H2 theorem le_antisym {n m : ℕ} (H1 : n ≤ m) (H2 : m ≤ n) : n = m := obtain (k : ℕ) (Hk : n + k = m), from (le_elim H1), obtain (l : ℕ) (Hl : m + l = n), from (le_elim H2), have L1 : k + l = 0, from add.cancel_left (calc n + (k + l) = n + k + l : !add.assoc⁻¹ ... = m + l : {Hk} ... = n : Hl ... = n + 0 : !add_zero⁻¹), have L2 : k = 0, from eq_zero_of_add_eq_zero_right L1, calc n = n + 0 : !add_zero⁻¹ ... = n + k : {L2⁻¹} ... = m : Hk -- ### interaction with addition theorem le_add_right (n m : ℕ) : n ≤ n + m := le_intro rfl theorem le_add_left (n m : ℕ): n ≤ m + n := le_intro !add.comm theorem add_le_left {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) (k : ℕ) : k + n ≤ k + m := obtain (l : ℕ) (Hl : n + l = m), from (le_elim H), le_intro (calc k + n + l = k + (n + l) : !add.assoc ... = k + m : {Hl}) theorem add_le_right {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) (k : ℕ) : n + k ≤ m + k := !add.comm ▸ !add.comm ▸ add_le_left H k theorem add_le {n m k l : ℕ} (H1 : n ≤ k) (H2 : m ≤ l) : n + m ≤ k + l := le_trans (add_le_right H1 m) (add_le_left H2 k) theorem add_le_cancel_left {n m k : ℕ} (H : k + n ≤ k + m) : n ≤ m := obtain (l : ℕ) (Hl : k + n + l = k + m), from (le_elim H), le_intro (add.cancel_left (calc k + (n + l) = k + n + l : !add.assoc⁻¹ ... = k + m : Hl)) theorem add_le_cancel_right {n m k : ℕ} (H : n + k ≤ m + k) : n ≤ m := add_le_cancel_left (!add.comm ▸ !add.comm ▸ H) theorem add_le_inv {n m k l : ℕ} (H1 : n + m ≤ k + l) (H2 : k ≤ n) : m ≤ l := obtain (a : ℕ) (Ha : k + a = n), from le_elim H2, have H3 : k + (a + m) ≤ k + l, from !add.assoc ▸ Ha⁻¹ ▸ H1, have H4 : a + m ≤ l, from add_le_cancel_left H3, show m ≤ l, from le_trans !le_add_left H4 -- add_rewrite le_add_right le_add_left -- ### interaction with successor and predecessor theorem succ_le {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) : succ n ≤ succ m := !add_one ▸ !add_one ▸ add_le_right H 1 theorem succ_le_cancel {n m : ℕ} (H : succ n ≤ succ m) : n ≤ m := add_le_cancel_right (!add_one⁻¹ ▸ !add_one⁻¹ ▸ H) theorem self_le_succ (n : ℕ) : n ≤ succ n := le_intro !add_one theorem le_imp_le_succ {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) : n ≤ succ m := le_trans H !self_le_succ theorem le_imp_succ_le_or_eq {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) : succ n ≤ m ∨ n = m := obtain (k : ℕ) (Hk : n + k = m), from (le_elim H), discriminate (assume H3 : k = 0, have Heq : n = m, from calc n = n + 0 : !add_zero⁻¹ ... = n + k : {H3⁻¹} ... = m : Hk, or.inr Heq) (take l : nat, assume H3 : k = succ l, have Hlt : succ n ≤ m, from (le_intro (calc succ n + l = n + succ l : !succ_add_eq_add_succ ... = n + k : {H3⁻¹} ... = m : Hk)), or.inl Hlt) theorem le_ne_imp_succ_le {n m : ℕ} (H1 : n ≤ m) (H2 : n ≠ m) : succ n ≤ m := or_resolve_left (le_imp_succ_le_or_eq H1) H2 theorem le_succ_imp_le_or_eq {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ succ m) : n ≤ m ∨ n = succ m := or_of_or_of_imp_left (le_imp_succ_le_or_eq H) (take H2 : succ n ≤ succ m, show n ≤ m, from succ_le_cancel H2) theorem succ_le_imp_le_and_ne {n m : ℕ} (H : succ n ≤ m) : n ≤ m ∧ n ≠ m := obtain (k : ℕ) (H2 : succ n + k = m), from (le_elim H), and.intro (have H3 : n + succ k = m, from calc n + succ k = succ n + k : !succ_add_eq_add_succ⁻¹ ... = m : H2, show n ≤ m, from le_intro H3) (assume H3 : n = m, have H4 : succ n ≤ n, from H3⁻¹ ▸ H, have H5 : succ n = n, from le_antisym H4 !self_le_succ, show false, from absurd H5 succ.ne_self) theorem le_pred_self (n : ℕ) : pred n ≤ n := cases_on n (pred.zero⁻¹ ▸ !le_refl) (take k : ℕ, !pred.succ⁻¹ ▸ !self_le_succ) theorem pred_le_pre_of_le {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) : pred n ≤ pred m := discriminate (take Hn : n = 0, have H2 : pred n = 0, from calc pred n = pred 0 : {Hn} ... = 0 : pred.zero, H2⁻¹ ▸ !zero_le) (take k : ℕ, assume Hn : n = succ k, obtain (l : ℕ) (Hl : n + l = m), from le_elim H, have H2 : pred n + l = pred m, from calc pred n + l = pred (succ k) + l : {Hn} ... = k + l : {!pred.succ} ... = pred (succ (k + l)) : !pred.succ⁻¹ ... = pred (succ k + l) : {!add.succ_left⁻¹} ... = pred (n + l) : {Hn⁻¹} ... = pred m : {Hl}, le_intro H2) theorem pred_le_imp_le_or_eq {n m : ℕ} (H : pred n ≤ m) : n ≤ m ∨ n = succ m := discriminate (take Hn : n = 0, or.inl (Hn⁻¹ ▸ !zero_le)) (take k : ℕ, assume Hn : n = succ k, have H2 : pred n = k, from calc pred n = pred (succ k) : {Hn} ... = k : !pred.succ, have H3 : k ≤ m, from H2 ▸ H, have H4 : succ k ≤ m ∨ k = m, from le_imp_succ_le_or_eq H3, show n ≤ m ∨ n = succ m, from or_of_or_of_imp_of_imp H4 (take H5 : succ k ≤ m, show n ≤ m, from Hn⁻¹ ▸ H5) (take H5 : k = m, show n = succ m, from H5 ▸ Hn)) -- ### interaction with multiplication theorem mul_le_left {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) (k : ℕ) : k * n ≤ k * m := obtain (l : ℕ) (Hl : n + l = m), from (le_elim H), have H2 : k * n + k * l = k * m, from calc k * n + k * l = k * (n + l) : mul.left_distrib ... = k * m : {Hl}, le_intro H2 theorem mul_le_right {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) (k : ℕ) : n * k ≤ m * k := !mul.comm ▸ !mul.comm ▸ (mul_le_left H k) theorem mul_le {n m k l : ℕ} (H1 : n ≤ k) (H2 : m ≤ l) : n * m ≤ k * l := le_trans (mul_le_right H1 m) (mul_le_left H2 k) -- Less than, Greater than, Greater than or equal -- ---------------------------------------------- theorem lt_intro {n m k : ℕ} (H : succ n + k = m) : n < m := lt_of_succ_le (le_intro H) theorem lt_elim {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) : ∃ k, succ n + k = m := le_elim (succ_le_of_lt H) theorem lt_add_succ (n m : ℕ) : n < n + succ m := lt_intro !succ_add_eq_add_succ -- ### basic facts theorem lt_imp_ne {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) : n ≠ m := λ heq : n = m, absurd H (heq ▸ !lt.irrefl) theorem lt_irrefl (n : ℕ) : ¬ n < n := (assume H : n < n, absurd rfl (lt_imp_ne H)) theorem lt_def (n m : ℕ) : n < m ↔ succ n ≤ m := iff.intro (λ h, succ_le_of_lt h) (λ h, lt_of_succ_le h) theorem succ_pos (n : ℕ) : 0 < succ n := !zero_lt_succ theorem succ_pred_of_pos {n : ℕ} (H : n > 0) : succ (pred n) = n := (or_resolve_right (eq_zero_or_eq_succ_pred n) (ne.symm (lt_imp_ne H))⁻¹) theorem lt_imp_eq_succ {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) : exists k, m = succ k := discriminate (take (Hm : m = 0), absurd (Hm ▸ H) !not_lt_zero) (take (l : ℕ) (Hm : m = succ l), exists.intro l Hm) -- ### interaction with le theorem self_lt_succ (n : ℕ) : n < succ n := lt.base n theorem lt_imp_le {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) : n ≤ m := le.of_lt H theorem le_imp_lt_or_eq {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) : n < m ∨ n = m := or.swap (eq_or_lt_of_le H) theorem le_ne_imp_lt {n m : ℕ} (H1 : n ≤ m) (H2 : n ≠ m) : n < m := or_resolve_left (le_imp_lt_or_eq H1) H2 theorem lt_succ_imp_le {n m : ℕ} (H : n < succ m) : n ≤ m := succ_le_cancel (succ_le_of_lt H) theorem le_imp_not_gt {n m : ℕ} (H : n ≤ m) : ¬ n > m := le.rec_on H !lt.irrefl (λ m (h : n < m), lt.asymm h) theorem lt_imp_not_ge {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) : ¬ n ≥ m := (assume H2 : m ≤ n, absurd (lt.of_lt_of_le H H2) !lt_irrefl) theorem lt_antisym {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) : ¬ m < n := lt.asymm H -- le_imp_not_gt (lt_imp_le H) -- ### interaction with addition theorem add_lt_left {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) (k : ℕ) : k + n < k + m := lt_of_succ_le (!add_succ ▸ add_le_left (succ_le_of_lt H) k) theorem add_lt_right {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) (k : ℕ) : n + k < m + k := !add.comm ▸ !add.comm ▸ add_lt_left H k theorem add_le_lt {n m k l : ℕ} (H1 : n ≤ k) (H2 : m < l) : n + m < k + l := lt.of_le_of_lt (add_le_right H1 m) (add_lt_left H2 k) theorem add_lt_le {n m k l : ℕ} (H1 : n < k) (H2 : m ≤ l) : n + m < k + l := lt.of_lt_of_le (add_lt_right H1 m) (add_le_left H2 k) theorem add_lt {n m k l : ℕ} (H1 : n < k) (H2 : m < l) : n + m < k + l := add_lt_le H1 (lt_imp_le H2) theorem add_lt_cancel_left {n m k : ℕ} (H : k + n < k + m) : n < m := lt_of_succ_le (add_le_cancel_left (!add_succ⁻¹ ▸ (succ_le_of_lt H))) theorem add_lt_cancel_right {n m k : ℕ} (H : n + k < m + k) : n < m := add_lt_cancel_left (!add.comm ▸ !add.comm ▸ H) -- ### interaction with successor (see also the interaction with le) theorem succ_lt {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) : succ n < succ m := !add_one ▸ !add_one ▸ add_lt_right H 1 theorem succ_lt_cancel {n m : ℕ} (H : succ n < succ m) : n < m := add_lt_cancel_right (!add_one⁻¹ ▸ !add_one⁻¹ ▸ H) theorem lt_imp_lt_succ {n m : ℕ} (H : n < m) : n < succ m := lt.step H -- ### totality of lt and le theorem le_or_gt {n m : ℕ} : n ≤ m ∨ n > m := or.rec_on (lt.trichotomy n m) (λ h : n < m, or.inl (le.of_lt h)) (λ h : n = m ∨ m < n, or.rec_on h (λ h : n = m, eq.rec_on h (or.inl !le.refl)) (λ h : m < n, or.inr h)) theorem trichotomy_alt (n m : ℕ) : (n < m ∨ n = m) ∨ n > m := or.rec_on (lt.trichotomy n m) (λ h, or.inl (or.inl h)) (λ h, or.rec_on h (λ h, or.inl (or.inr h)) (λ h, or.inr h)) theorem trichotomy (n m : ℕ) : n < m ∨ n = m ∨ n > m := lt.trichotomy n m theorem le_total (n m : ℕ) : n ≤ m ∨ m ≤ n := or_of_or_of_imp_right le_or_gt (assume H : m < n, lt_imp_le H) theorem not_lt_imp_ge {n m : ℕ} (H : ¬ n < m) : n ≥ m := or_resolve_left le_or_gt H theorem not_le_imp_gt {n m : ℕ} (H : ¬ n ≤ m) : n > m := or_resolve_right le_or_gt H -- ### misc protected theorem strong_induction_on {P : nat → Prop} (n : ℕ) (H : ∀n, (∀m, m < n → P m) → P n) : P n := have H1 : ∀ {n m : nat}, m < n → P m, from take n, induction_on n (show ∀m, m < 0 → P m, from take m H, absurd H !not_lt_zero) (take n', assume IH : ∀ {m : nat}, m < n' → P m, have H2: P n', from H n' @IH, show ∀m, m < succ n' → P m, from take m, assume H3 : m < succ n', or.elim (le_imp_lt_or_eq (lt_succ_imp_le H3)) (assume H4: m < n', IH H4) (assume H4: m = n', H4⁻¹ ▸ H2)), H1 !self_lt_succ protected theorem case_strong_induction_on {P : nat → Prop} (a : nat) (H0 : P 0) (Hind : ∀(n : nat), (∀m, m ≤ n → P m) → P (succ n)) : P a := strong_induction_on a ( take n, show (∀m, m < n → P m) → P n, from cases_on n (assume H : (∀m, m < 0 → P m), show P 0, from H0) (take n, assume H : (∀m, m < succ n → P m), show P (succ n), from Hind n (take m, assume H1 : m ≤ n, H _ (lt_succ_of_le H1)))) -- Positivity -- --------- -- -- Writing "t > 0" is the preferred way to assert that a natural number is positive. -- ### basic theorem case_zero_pos {P : ℕ → Prop} (y : ℕ) (H0 : P 0) (H1 : ∀ {y : nat}, y > 0 → P y) : P y := cases_on y H0 (take y, H1 !succ_pos) theorem zero_or_pos {n : ℕ} : n = 0 ∨ n > 0 := or_of_or_of_imp_left (or.swap (le_imp_lt_or_eq !zero_le)) (take H : 0 = n, H⁻¹) theorem succ_imp_pos {n m : ℕ} (H : n = succ m) : n > 0 := H⁻¹ ▸ !succ_pos theorem ne_zero_imp_pos {n : ℕ} (H : n ≠ 0) : n > 0 := or.elim zero_or_pos (take H2 : n = 0, absurd H2 H) (take H2 : n > 0, H2) theorem pos_imp_ne_zero {n : ℕ} (H : n > 0) : n ≠ 0 := ne.symm (lt_imp_ne H) theorem pos_imp_eq_succ {n : ℕ} (H : n > 0) : exists l, n = succ l := lt_imp_eq_succ H theorem add_pos_right {n k : ℕ} (H : k > 0) : n + k > n := !add_zero ▸ add_lt_left H n theorem add_pos_left {n : ℕ} {k : ℕ} (H : k > 0) : k + n > n := !add.comm ▸ add_pos_right H -- ### multiplication theorem mul_pos {n m : ℕ} (Hn : n > 0) (Hm : m > 0) : n * m > 0 := obtain (k : ℕ) (Hk : n = succ k), from pos_imp_eq_succ Hn, obtain (l : ℕ) (Hl : m = succ l), from pos_imp_eq_succ Hm, succ_imp_pos (calc n * m = succ k * m : {Hk} ... = succ k * succ l : {Hl} ... = succ k * l + succ k : !mul_succ ... = succ (succ k * l + k) : !add_succ) theorem mul_pos_imp_pos_left {n m : ℕ} (H : n * m > 0) : n > 0 := discriminate (assume H2 : n = 0, have H3 : n * m = 0, from calc n * m = 0 * m : {H2} ... = 0 : !zero_mul, have H4 : 0 > 0, from H3 ▸ H, absurd H4 !lt_irrefl) (take l : nat, assume Hl : n = succ l, Hl⁻¹ ▸ !succ_pos) theorem mul_pos_imp_pos_right {m n : ℕ} (H : n * m > 0) : m > 0 := mul_pos_imp_pos_left (!mul.comm ▸ H) -- ### interaction of mul with le and lt theorem mul_lt_left {n m k : ℕ} (Hk : k > 0) (H : n < m) : k * n < k * m := have H2 : k * n < k * n + k, from add_pos_right Hk, have H3 : k * n + k ≤ k * m, from !mul_succ ▸ mul_le_left (succ_le_of_lt H) k, lt.of_lt_of_le H2 H3 theorem mul_lt_right {n m k : ℕ} (Hk : k > 0) (H : n < m) : n * k < m * k := !mul.comm ▸ !mul.comm ▸ mul_lt_left Hk H theorem mul_le_lt {n m k l : ℕ} (Hk : k > 0) (H1 : n ≤ k) (H2 : m < l) : n * m < k * l := lt.of_le_of_lt (mul_le_right H1 m) (mul_lt_left Hk H2) theorem mul_lt_le {n m k l : ℕ} (Hl : l > 0) (H1 : n < k) (H2 : m ≤ l) : n * m < k * l := lt.of_le_of_lt (mul_le_left H2 n) (mul_lt_right Hl H1) theorem mul_lt {n m k l : ℕ} (H1 : n < k) (H2 : m < l) : n * m < k * l := have H3 : n * m ≤ k * m, from mul_le_right (lt_imp_le H1) m, have H4 : k * m < k * l, from mul_lt_left (lt.of_le_of_lt !zero_le H1) H2, lt.of_le_of_lt H3 H4 theorem mul_lt_cancel_left {n m k : ℕ} (H : k * n < k * m) : n < m := or.elim le_or_gt (assume H2 : m ≤ n, have H3 : k * m ≤ k * n, from mul_le_left H2 k, absurd H3 (lt_imp_not_ge H)) (assume H2 : n < m, H2) theorem mul_lt_cancel_right {n m k : ℕ} (H : n * k < m * k) : n < m := mul_lt_cancel_left (!mul.comm ▸ !mul.comm ▸ H) theorem mul_le_cancel_left {n m k : ℕ} (Hk : k > 0) (H : k * n ≤ k * m) : n ≤ m := have H2 : k * n < k * m + k, from lt.of_le_of_lt H (add_pos_right Hk), have H3 : k * n < k * succ m, from !mul_succ⁻¹ ▸ H2, have H4 : n < succ m, from mul_lt_cancel_left H3, show n ≤ m, from lt_succ_imp_le H4 theorem mul_le_cancel_right {n k m : ℕ} (Hm : m > 0) (H : n * m ≤ k * m) : n ≤ k := mul_le_cancel_left Hm (!mul.comm ▸ !mul.comm ▸ H) theorem mul_cancel_left {m k n : ℕ} (Hn : n > 0) (H : n * m = n * k) : m = k := have H2 : n * m ≤ n * k, from H ▸ !le_refl, have H3 : n * k ≤ n * m, from H ▸ !le_refl, have H4 : m ≤ k, from mul_le_cancel_left Hn H2, have H5 : k ≤ m, from mul_le_cancel_left Hn H3, le_antisym H4 H5 theorem mul_cancel_left_or {n m k : ℕ} (H : n * m = n * k) : n = 0 ∨ m = k := or_of_or_of_imp_right zero_or_pos (assume Hn : n > 0, mul_cancel_left Hn H) theorem mul_cancel_right {n m k : ℕ} (Hm : m > 0) (H : n * m = k * m) : n = k := mul_cancel_left Hm (!mul.comm ▸ !mul.comm ▸ H) theorem mul_cancel_right_or {n m k : ℕ} (H : n * m = k * m) : m = 0 ∨ n = k := mul_cancel_left_or (!mul.comm ▸ !mul.comm ▸ H) theorem mul_eq_one_left {n m : ℕ} (H : n * m = 1) : n = 1 := have H2 : n * m > 0, from H⁻¹ ▸ !succ_pos, have H3 : n > 0, from mul_pos_imp_pos_left H2, have H4 : m > 0, from mul_pos_imp_pos_right H2, or.elim le_or_gt (assume H5 : n ≤ 1, show n = 1, from le_antisym H5 (succ_le_of_lt H3)) (assume H5 : n > 1, have H6 : n * m ≥ 2 * 1, from mul_le (succ_le_of_lt H5) (succ_le_of_lt H4), have H7 : 1 ≥ 2, from !mul_one ▸ H ▸ H6, absurd !self_lt_succ (le_imp_not_gt H7)) theorem mul_eq_one_right {n m : ℕ} (H : n * m = 1) : m = 1 := mul_eq_one_left (!mul.comm ▸ H) end nat