414 lines
17 KiB
Text
414 lines
17 KiB
Text
/-
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Copyright (c) 2014 Floris van Doorn. All rights reserved.
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Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
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Author: Floris van Doorn
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Ported from Coq HoTT
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Theorems about sigma-types (dependent sums)
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-/
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import types.prod
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open eq sigma sigma.ops equiv is_equiv
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namespace sigma
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local infixr ∘ := function.compose --remove
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variables {A A' : Type} {B : A → Type} {B' : A' → Type} {C : Πa, B a → Type}
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{D : Πa b, C a b → Type}
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{a a' a'' : A} {b b₁ b₂ : B a} {b' : B a'} {b'' : B a''} {u v w : Σa, B a}
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-- sigma.eta is already used for the eta rule for strict equality
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protected definition eta : Π (u : Σa, B a), ⟨u.1 , u.2⟩ = u
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| eta ⟨u₁, u₂⟩ := idp
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definition eta2 : Π (u : Σa b, C a b), ⟨u.1, u.2.1, u.2.2⟩ = u
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| eta2 ⟨u₁, u₂, u₃⟩ := idp
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definition eta3 : Π (u : Σa b c, D a b c), ⟨u.1, u.2.1, u.2.2.1, u.2.2.2⟩ = u
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| eta3 ⟨u₁, u₂, u₃, u₄⟩ := idp
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definition dpair_eq_dpair (p : a = a') (q : p ▹ b = b') : ⟨a, b⟩ = ⟨a', b'⟩ :=
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by cases p; cases q; apply idp
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/- In Coq they often have to give u and v explicitly -/
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definition sigma_eq (p : u.1 = v.1) (q : p ▹ u.2 = v.2) : u = v :=
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by cases u; cases v; apply (dpair_eq_dpair p q)
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/- Projections of paths from a total space -/
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definition eq_pr1 (p : u = v) : u.1 = v.1 :=
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ap pr1 p
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postfix `..1`:(max+1) := eq_pr1
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definition eq_pr2 (p : u = v) : p..1 ▹ u.2 = v.2 :=
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by cases p; apply idp
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--Coq uses the following proof, which only computes if u,v are dpairs AND p is idp
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--(transport_compose B dpr1 p u.2)⁻¹ ⬝ apD dpr2 p
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postfix `..2`:(max+1) := eq_pr2
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private definition dpair_sigma_eq (p : u.1 = v.1) (q : p ▹ u.2 = v.2)
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: ⟨(sigma_eq p q)..1, (sigma_eq p q)..2⟩ = ⟨p, q⟩ :=
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by cases u; cases v; cases p; cases q; apply idp
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definition sigma_eq_pr1 (p : u.1 = v.1) (q : p ▹ u.2 = v.2) : (sigma_eq p q)..1 = p :=
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(dpair_sigma_eq p q)..1
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definition sigma_eq_pr2 (p : u.1 = v.1) (q : p ▹ u.2 = v.2)
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: sigma_eq_pr1 p q ▹ (sigma_eq p q)..2 = q :=
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(dpair_sigma_eq p q)..2
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definition sigma_eq_eta (p : u = v) : sigma_eq (p..1) (p..2) = p :=
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by cases p; cases u; apply idp
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definition tr_pr1_sigma_eq {B' : A → Type} (p : u.1 = v.1) (q : p ▹ u.2 = v.2)
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: transport (λx, B' x.1) (sigma_eq p q) = transport B' p :=
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by cases u; cases v; cases p; cases q; apply idp
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/- the uncurried version of sigma_eq. We will prove that this is an equivalence -/
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definition sigma_eq_uncurried : Π (pq : Σ(p : pr1 u = pr1 v), p ▹ (pr2 u) = pr2 v), u = v
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| sigma_eq_uncurried ⟨pq₁, pq₂⟩ := sigma_eq pq₁ pq₂
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definition dpair_sigma_eq_uncurried : Π (pq : Σ(p : u.1 = v.1), p ▹ u.2 = v.2),
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sigma.mk (sigma_eq_uncurried pq)..1 (sigma_eq_uncurried pq)..2 = pq
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| dpair_sigma_eq_uncurried ⟨pq₁, pq₂⟩ := dpair_sigma_eq pq₁ pq₂
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definition sigma_eq_pr1_uncurried (pq : Σ(p : u.1 = v.1), p ▹ u.2 = v.2)
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: (sigma_eq_uncurried pq)..1 = pq.1 :=
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(dpair_sigma_eq_uncurried pq)..1
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definition sigma_eq_pr2_uncurried (pq : Σ(p : u.1 = v.1), p ▹ u.2 = v.2)
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: (sigma_eq_pr1_uncurried pq) ▹ (sigma_eq_uncurried pq)..2 = pq.2 :=
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(dpair_sigma_eq_uncurried pq)..2
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definition sigma_eq_eta_uncurried (p : u = v) : sigma_eq_uncurried (sigma.mk p..1 p..2) = p :=
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sigma_eq_eta p
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definition tr_sigma_eq_pr1_uncurried {B' : A → Type}
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(pq : Σ(p : u.1 = v.1), p ▹ u.2 = v.2)
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: transport (λx, B' x.1) (@sigma_eq_uncurried A B u v pq) = transport B' pq.1 :=
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destruct pq tr_pr1_sigma_eq
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definition is_equiv_sigma_eq [instance] (u v : Σa, B a)
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: is_equiv (@sigma_eq_uncurried A B u v) :=
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adjointify sigma_eq_uncurried
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(λp, ⟨p..1, p..2⟩)
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sigma_eq_eta_uncurried
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dpair_sigma_eq_uncurried
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definition equiv_sigma_eq (u v : Σa, B a) : (Σ(p : u.1 = v.1), p ▹ u.2 = v.2) ≃ (u = v) :=
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equiv.mk sigma_eq_uncurried !is_equiv_sigma_eq
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definition dpair_eq_dpair_con (p1 : a = a' ) (q1 : p1 ▹ b = b' )
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(p2 : a' = a'') (q2 : p2 ▹ b' = b'') :
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dpair_eq_dpair (p1 ⬝ p2) (tr_con B p1 p2 b ⬝ ap (transport B p2) q1 ⬝ q2)
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= dpair_eq_dpair p1 q1 ⬝ dpair_eq_dpair p2 q2 :=
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by cases p1; cases p2; cases q1; cases q2; apply idp
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definition sigma_eq_con (p1 : u.1 = v.1) (q1 : p1 ▹ u.2 = v.2)
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(p2 : v.1 = w.1) (q2 : p2 ▹ v.2 = w.2) :
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sigma_eq (p1 ⬝ p2) (tr_con B p1 p2 u.2 ⬝ ap (transport B p2) q1 ⬝ q2)
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= sigma_eq p1 q1 ⬝ sigma_eq p2 q2 :=
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by cases u; cases v; cases w; apply dpair_eq_dpair_con
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local attribute dpair_eq_dpair [reducible]
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definition dpair_eq_dpair_con_idp (p : a = a') (q : p ▹ b = b') :
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dpair_eq_dpair p q = dpair_eq_dpair p idp ⬝ dpair_eq_dpair idp q :=
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by cases p; cases q; apply idp
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/- eq_pr1 commutes with the groupoid structure. -/
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definition eq_pr1_idp (u : Σa, B a) : (refl u) ..1 = refl (u.1) := idp
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definition eq_pr1_con (p : u = v) (q : v = w) : (p ⬝ q) ..1 = (p..1) ⬝ (q..1) := !ap_con
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definition eq_pr1_inv (p : u = v) : p⁻¹ ..1 = (p..1)⁻¹ := !ap_inv
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/- Applying dpair to one argument is the same as dpair_eq_dpair with reflexivity in the first place. -/
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definition ap_dpair (q : b₁ = b₂) : ap (sigma.mk a) q = dpair_eq_dpair idp q :=
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by cases q; apply idp
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/- Dependent transport is the same as transport along a sigma_eq. -/
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definition transportD_eq_transport (p : a = a') (c : C a b) :
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p ▹D c = transport (λu, C (u.1) (u.2)) (dpair_eq_dpair p idp) c :=
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by cases p; apply idp
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definition sigma_eq_eq_sigma_eq {p1 q1 : a = a'} {p2 : p1 ▹ b = b'} {q2 : q1 ▹ b = b'}
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(r : p1 = q1) (s : r ▹ p2 = q2) : sigma_eq p1 p2 = sigma_eq q1 q2 :=
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by cases r; cases s; apply idp
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/- A path between paths in a total space is commonly shown component wise. -/
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definition sigma_eq2 {p q : u = v} (r : p..1 = q..1) (s : r ▹ p..2 = q..2)
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: p = q :=
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begin
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reverts (q, r, s),
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cases p, cases u with (u1, u2),
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intros (q, r, s),
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apply concat, rotate 1,
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apply sigma_eq_eta,
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apply (sigma_eq_eq_sigma_eq r s)
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end
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/- In Coq they often have to give u and v explicitly when using the following definition -/
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definition sigma_eq2_uncurried {p q : u = v}
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(rs : Σ(r : p..1 = q..1), transport (λx, transport B x u.2 = v.2) r p..2 = q..2) : p = q :=
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destruct rs sigma_eq2
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/- Transport -/
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/- The concrete description of transport in sigmas (and also pis) is rather trickier than in the other types. In particular, these cannot be described just in terms of transport in simpler types; they require also the dependent transport [transportD].
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In particular, this indicates why `transport` alone cannot be fully defined by induction on the structure of types, although Id-elim/transportD can be (cf. Observational Type Theory). A more thorough set of lemmas, along the lines of the present ones but dealing with Id-elim rather than just transport, might be nice to have eventually? -/
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definition transport_eq (p : a = a') (bc : Σ(b : B a), C a b)
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: p ▹ bc = ⟨p ▹ bc.1, p ▹D bc.2⟩ :=
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by cases p; cases bc; apply idp
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/- The special case when the second variable doesn't depend on the first is simpler. -/
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definition tr_eq_nondep {B : Type} {C : A → B → Type} (p : a = a') (bc : Σ(b : B), C a b)
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: p ▹ bc = ⟨bc.1, p ▹ bc.2⟩ :=
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by cases p; cases bc; apply idp
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/- Or if the second variable contains a first component that doesn't depend on the first. -/
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definition tr_eq2_nondep {C : A → Type} {D : Π a:A, B a → C a → Type} (p : a = a')
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(bcd : Σ(b : B a) (c : C a), D a b c) : p ▹ bcd = ⟨p ▹ bcd.1, p ▹ bcd.2.1, p ▹D2 bcd.2.2⟩ :=
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begin
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cases p, cases bcd with (b, cd),
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cases cd, apply idp
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end
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/- Functorial action -/
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variables (f : A → A') (g : Πa, B a → B' (f a))
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definition sigma_functor (u : Σa, B a) : Σa', B' a' :=
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⟨f u.1, g u.1 u.2⟩
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/- Equivalences -/
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definition is_equiv_sigma_functor [H1 : is_equiv f] [H2 : Π a, is_equiv (g a)]
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: is_equiv (sigma_functor f g) :=
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adjointify (sigma_functor f g)
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(sigma_functor (f⁻¹) (λ(a' : A') (b' : B' a'),
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((g (f⁻¹ a'))⁻¹ (transport B' (retr f a'⁻¹) b'))))
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begin
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intro u',
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cases u' with (a', b'),
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apply (sigma_eq (retr f a')),
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-- rewrite retr,
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-- end
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-- "rewrite retr (g (f⁻¹ a'))"
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apply concat, apply (ap (λx, (transport B' (retr f a') x))), apply (retr (g (f⁻¹ a'))),
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show retr f a' ▹ (((retr f a') ⁻¹) ▹ b') = b',
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from tr_inv_tr B' (retr f a') b'
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end
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begin
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intro u,
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cases u with (a, b),
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apply (sigma_eq (sect f a)),
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show transport B (sect f a) (g (f⁻¹ (f a))⁻¹ (transport B' (retr f (f a)⁻¹) (g a b))) = b,
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from calc
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transport B (sect f a) (g (f⁻¹ (f a))⁻¹ (transport B' (retr f (f a)⁻¹) (g a b)))
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= g a⁻¹ (transport (B' ∘ f) (sect f a) (transport B' (retr f (f a)⁻¹) (g a b)))
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: by rewrite (fn_tr_eq_tr_fn (sect f a) (λ a, g a⁻¹))
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... = g a⁻¹ (transport B' (ap f (sect f a)) (transport B' (retr f (f a)⁻¹) (g a b)))
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: ap (g a⁻¹) !transport_compose
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... = g a⁻¹ (transport B' (ap f (sect f a)) (transport B' (ap f (sect f a)⁻¹) (g a b)))
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: ap (λ x, g a⁻¹ (transport B' (ap f (sect f a)) (transport B' (x⁻¹) (g a b)))) (adj f a)
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... = g a⁻¹ (g a b) : {!tr_inv_tr}
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... = b : by rewrite (sect (g a) b)
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end
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-- -- "rewrite fn_tr_eq_tr_fn"
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-- apply concat, apply inverse, apply (fn_tr_eq_tr_fn (sect f a) (λ a, g a⁻¹)),
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-- apply concat, apply (ap (g a⁻¹)),
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-- -- "rewrite transport_compose"
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-- apply concat, apply transport_compose,
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-- -- "rewrite adj"
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-- -- "rewrite tr_inv_tr"
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-- apply sect,
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definition sigma_equiv_sigma_of_is_equiv [H1 : is_equiv f] [H2 : Π a, is_equiv (g a)]
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: (Σa, B a) ≃ (Σa', B' a') :=
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equiv.mk (sigma_functor f g) !is_equiv_sigma_functor
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context
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attribute inv [irreducible]
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attribute function.compose [irreducible] --this is needed for the following class inference problem
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definition sigma_equiv_sigma (Hf : A ≃ A') (Hg : Π a, B a ≃ B' (to_fun Hf a)) :
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(Σa, B a) ≃ (Σa', B' a') :=
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sigma_equiv_sigma_of_is_equiv (to_fun Hf) (λ a, to_fun (Hg a))
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end
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definition sigma_equiv_sigma_id {B' : A → Type} (Hg : Π a, B a ≃ B' a) : (Σa, B a) ≃ Σa, B' a :=
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sigma_equiv_sigma equiv.refl Hg
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definition ap_sigma_functor_eq_dpair (p : a = a') (q : p ▹ b = b')
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: ap (sigma.sigma_functor f g) (sigma_eq p q)
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= sigma_eq (ap f p)
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(transport_compose _ f p (g a b)⁻¹ ⬝ fn_tr_eq_tr_fn p g b⁻¹ ⬝ ap (g a') q) :=
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by cases p; cases q; apply idp
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definition ap_sigma_functor_eq (p : u.1 = v.1) (q : p ▹ u.2 = v.2)
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: ap (sigma.sigma_functor f g) (sigma_eq p q)
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= sigma_eq (ap f p)
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(transport_compose B' f p (g u.1 u.2)⁻¹ ⬝ fn_tr_eq_tr_fn p g u.2⁻¹ ⬝ ap (g v.1) q) :=
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by cases u; cases v; apply ap_sigma_functor_eq_dpair
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/- definition 3.11.9(i): Summing up a contractible family of types does nothing. -/
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open is_trunc
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definition is_equiv_pr1 [instance] (B : A → Type) [H : Π a, is_contr (B a)]
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: is_equiv (@pr1 A B) :=
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adjointify pr1
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(λa, ⟨a, !center⟩)
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(λa, idp)
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(λu, sigma_eq idp !contr)
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definition sigma_equiv_of_is_contr_pr2 [H : Π a, is_contr (B a)] : (Σa, B a) ≃ A :=
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equiv.mk pr1 _
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/- definition 3.11.9(ii): Dually, summing up over a contractible type does nothing. -/
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definition sigma_equiv_of_is_contr_pr1 (B : A → Type) [H : is_contr A] : (Σa, B a) ≃ B (center A)
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:=
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equiv.mk _ (adjointify
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(λu, contr u.1⁻¹ ▹ u.2)
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(λb, ⟨!center, b⟩)
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(λb, ap (λx, x ▹ b) !hprop_eq)
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(λu, sigma_eq !contr !tr_inv_tr))
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/- Associativity -/
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--this proof is harder than in Coq because we don't have eta definitionally for sigma
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definition sigma_assoc_equiv (C : (Σa, B a) → Type) : (Σa b, C ⟨a, b⟩) ≃ (Σu, C u) :=
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-- begin
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-- apply equiv.mk,
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-- apply (adjointify (λav, ⟨⟨av.1, av.2.1⟩, av.2.2⟩)
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-- (λuc, ⟨uc.1.1, uc.1.2, !eta⁻¹ ▹ uc.2⟩)),
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-- intro uc, apply (destruct uc), intro u,
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-- apply (destruct u), intros (a, b, c),
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-- apply idp,
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-- intro av, apply (destruct av), intros (a, v),
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-- apply (destruct v), intros (b, c),
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-- apply idp,
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-- end
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equiv.mk _ (adjointify
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(λav, ⟨⟨av.1, av.2.1⟩, av.2.2⟩)
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(λuc, ⟨uc.1.1, uc.1.2, !eta⁻¹ ▹ uc.2⟩)
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proof (λuc, destruct uc (λu, destruct u (λa b c, idp))) qed
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proof (λav, destruct av (λa v, destruct v (λb c, idp))) qed)
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open prod
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definition assoc_equiv_prod (C : (A × A') → Type) : (Σa a', C (a,a')) ≃ (Σu, C u) :=
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equiv.mk _ (adjointify
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(λav, ⟨(av.1, av.2.1), av.2.2⟩)
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(λuc, ⟨pr₁ (uc.1), pr₂ (uc.1), !prod.eta⁻¹ ▹ uc.2⟩)
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proof (λuc, destruct uc (λu, prod.destruct u (λa b c, idp))) qed
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proof (λav, destruct av (λa v, destruct v (λb c, idp))) qed)
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/- Symmetry -/
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definition comm_equiv_uncurried (C : A × A' → Type) : (Σa a', C (a, a')) ≃ (Σa' a, C (a, a')) :=
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calc
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(Σa a', C (a, a')) ≃ Σu, C u : assoc_equiv_prod
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... ≃ Σv, C (flip v) : sigma_equiv_sigma !prod_comm_equiv
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(λu, prod.destruct u (λa a', equiv.refl))
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... ≃ (Σa' a, C (a, a')) : assoc_equiv_prod
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definition sigma_comm_equiv (C : A → A' → Type) : (Σa a', C a a') ≃ (Σa' a, C a a') :=
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comm_equiv_uncurried (λu, C (prod.pr1 u) (prod.pr2 u))
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definition equiv_prod (A B : Type) : (Σ(a : A), B) ≃ A × B :=
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equiv.mk _ (adjointify
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(λs, (s.1, s.2))
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(λp, ⟨pr₁ p, pr₂ p⟩)
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proof (λp, prod.destruct p (λa b, idp)) qed
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proof (λs, destruct s (λa b, idp)) qed)
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definition comm_equiv_nondep (A B : Type) : (Σ(a : A), B) ≃ Σ(b : B), A :=
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calc
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(Σ(a : A), B) ≃ A × B : equiv_prod
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... ≃ B × A : prod_comm_equiv
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... ≃ Σ(b : B), A : equiv_prod
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/- ** Universal mapping properties -/
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/- *** The positive universal property. -/
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section
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open funext
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definition is_equiv_sigma_rec [instance] (C : (Σa, B a) → Type)
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: is_equiv (@sigma.rec _ _ C) :=
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adjointify _ (λ g a b, g ⟨a, b⟩)
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(λ g, proof eq_of_homotopy (λu, destruct u (λa b, idp)) qed)
|
||
(λ f, refl f)
|
||
|
||
definition equiv_sigma_rec (C : (Σa, B a) → Type)
|
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: (Π(a : A) (b: B a), C ⟨a, b⟩) ≃ (Πxy, C xy) :=
|
||
equiv.mk sigma.rec _
|
||
|
||
/- *** The negative universal property. -/
|
||
|
||
protected definition coind_uncurried (fg : Σ(f : Πa, B a), Πa, C a (f a)) (a : A)
|
||
: Σ(b : B a), C a b
|
||
:= ⟨fg.1 a, fg.2 a⟩
|
||
|
||
protected definition coind (f : Π a, B a) (g : Π a, C a (f a)) (a : A) : Σ(b : B a), C a b :=
|
||
coind_uncurried ⟨f, g⟩ a
|
||
|
||
--is the instance below dangerous?
|
||
--in Coq this can be done without function extensionality
|
||
definition is_equiv_coind [instance] (C : Πa, B a → Type)
|
||
: is_equiv (@coind_uncurried _ _ C) :=
|
||
adjointify _ (λ h, ⟨λa, (h a).1, λa, (h a).2⟩)
|
||
(λ h, proof eq_of_homotopy (λu, !eta) qed)
|
||
(λfg, destruct fg (λ(f : Π (a : A), B a) (g : Π (x : A), C x (f x)), proof idp qed))
|
||
|
||
definition equiv_coind : (Σ(f : Πa, B a), Πa, C a (f a)) ≃ (Πa, Σb, C a b) :=
|
||
equiv.mk coind_uncurried _
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
/- ** Subtypes (sigma types whose second components are hprops) -/
|
||
|
||
/- To prove equality in a subtype, we only need equality of the first component. -/
|
||
definition subtype_eq [H : Πa, is_hprop (B a)] (u v : Σa, B a) : u.1 = v.1 → u = v :=
|
||
(sigma_eq_uncurried ∘ (@inv _ _ pr1 (@is_equiv_pr1 _ _ (λp, !is_trunc.is_trunc_eq))))
|
||
|
||
definition is_equiv_subtype_eq [instance] [H : Πa, is_hprop (B a)] (u v : Σa, B a)
|
||
: is_equiv (subtype_eq u v) :=
|
||
!is_equiv_compose
|
||
|
||
definition equiv_subtype [H : Πa, is_hprop (B a)] (u v : Σa, B a) : (u.1 = v.1) ≃ (u = v)
|
||
:=
|
||
equiv.mk !subtype_eq _
|
||
|
||
/- truncatedness -/
|
||
definition is_trunc_sigma (B : A → Type) (n : trunc_index)
|
||
[HA : is_trunc n A] [HB : Πa, is_trunc n (B a)] : is_trunc n (Σa, B a) :=
|
||
begin
|
||
reverts (A, B, HA, HB),
|
||
apply (trunc_index.rec_on n),
|
||
intros (A, B, HA, HB),
|
||
fapply is_trunc.is_trunc_equiv_closed,
|
||
apply equiv.symm,
|
||
apply sigma_equiv_of_is_contr_pr1,
|
||
intros (n, IH, A, B, HA, HB),
|
||
fapply is_trunc.is_trunc_succ_intro, intros (u, v),
|
||
fapply is_trunc.is_trunc_equiv_closed,
|
||
apply equiv_sigma_eq,
|
||
apply IH,
|
||
apply is_trunc.is_trunc_eq,
|
||
intro p,
|
||
show is_trunc n (p ▹ u .2 = v .2), from
|
||
is_trunc.is_trunc_eq n (p ▹ u.2) (v.2),
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
end sigma
|
||
|
||
attribute sigma.is_trunc_sigma [instance]
|
||
|
||
open is_trunc sigma prod
|
||
/- truncatedness -/
|
||
definition prod.is_trunc_prod [instance] (A B : Type) (n : trunc_index)
|
||
[HA : is_trunc n A] [HB : is_trunc n B] : is_trunc n (A × B) :=
|
||
is_trunc.is_trunc_equiv_closed n !equiv_prod
|