lean2/library/algebra/order.lean
Leonardo de Moura 9bedbbb739 refactor(library,hott): remove coercions between algebraic structures
They are classes, and mixing coercion with type class resolution is a
recipe for disaster (aka counterintuitive behavior).
2015-11-11 11:57:44 -08:00

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/-
Copyright (c) 2014 Jeremy Avigad. All rights reserved.
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
Author: Jeremy Avigad
Weak orders "≤", strict orders "<", and structures that include both.
-/
import logic.eq logic.connectives algebra.binary algebra.priority
open eq eq.ops
namespace algebra
variable {A : Type}
/- weak orders -/
structure weak_order [class] (A : Type) extends has_le A :=
(le_refl : ∀a, le a a)
(le_trans : ∀a b c, le a b → le b c → le a c)
(le_antisymm : ∀a b, le a b → le b a → a = b)
section
variable [s : weak_order A]
include s
theorem le.refl (a : A) : a ≤ a := !weak_order.le_refl
theorem le.trans [trans] {a b c : A} : a ≤ b → b ≤ c → a ≤ c := !weak_order.le_trans
theorem ge.trans [trans] {a b c : A} (H1 : a ≥ b) (H2: b ≥ c) : a ≥ c := le.trans H2 H1
theorem le.antisymm {a b : A} : a ≤ b → b ≤ a → a = b := !weak_order.le_antisymm
-- Alternate syntax. (Abbreviations do not migrate well.)
theorem eq_of_le_of_ge {a b : A} : a ≤ b → b ≤ a → a = b := !le.antisymm
end
structure linear_weak_order [class] (A : Type) extends weak_order A :=
(le_total : ∀a b, le a b le b a)
theorem le.total [s : linear_weak_order A] (a b : A) : a ≤ b b ≤ a :=
!linear_weak_order.le_total
/- strict orders -/
structure strict_order [class] (A : Type) extends has_lt A :=
(lt_irrefl : ∀a, ¬ lt a a)
(lt_trans : ∀a b c, lt a b → lt b c → lt a c)
section
variable [s : strict_order A]
include s
theorem lt.irrefl (a : A) : ¬ a < a := !strict_order.lt_irrefl
theorem not_lt_self (a : A) : ¬ a < a := !lt.irrefl -- alternate syntax
theorem lt_self_iff_false [simp] (a : A) : a < a ↔ false :=
iff_false_intro (lt.irrefl a)
theorem lt.trans [trans] {a b c : A} : a < b → b < c → a < c := !strict_order.lt_trans
theorem gt.trans [trans] {a b c : A} (H1 : a > b) (H2: b > c) : a > c := lt.trans H2 H1
theorem ne_of_lt {a b : A} (lt_ab : a < b) : a ≠ b :=
assume eq_ab : a = b,
show false, from lt.irrefl b (eq_ab ▸ lt_ab)
theorem ne_of_gt {a b : A} (gt_ab : a > b) : a ≠ b :=
ne.symm (ne_of_lt gt_ab)
theorem lt.asymm {a b : A} (H : a < b) : ¬ b < a :=
assume H1 : b < a, lt.irrefl _ (lt.trans H H1)
theorem not_lt_of_gt {a b : A} (H : a > b) : ¬ a < b := !lt.asymm H -- alternate syntax
end
/- well-founded orders -/
structure wf_strict_order [class] (A : Type) extends strict_order A :=
(wf_rec : ∀P : A → Type, (∀x, (∀y, lt y x → P y) → P x) → ∀x, P x)
definition wf.rec_on {A : Type} [s : wf_strict_order A] {P : A → Type}
(x : A) (H : ∀x, (∀y, wf_strict_order.lt y x → P y) → P x) : P x :=
wf_strict_order.wf_rec P H x
theorem wf.ind_on.{u v} {A : Type.{u}} [s : wf_strict_order.{u 0} A] {P : A → Prop}
(x : A) (H : ∀x, (∀y, wf_strict_order.lt y x → P y) → P x) : P x :=
wf.rec_on x H
/- structures with a weak and a strict order -/
structure order_pair [class] (A : Type) extends weak_order A, has_lt A :=
(le_of_lt : ∀ a b, lt a b → le a b)
(lt_of_lt_of_le : ∀ a b c, lt a b → le b c → lt a c)
(lt_of_le_of_lt : ∀ a b c, le a b → lt b c → lt a c)
(lt_irrefl : ∀ a, ¬ lt a a)
section
variable [s : order_pair A]
variables {a b c : A}
include s
theorem le_of_lt : a < b → a ≤ b := !order_pair.le_of_lt
theorem lt_of_lt_of_le [trans] : a < b → b ≤ c → a < c := !order_pair.lt_of_lt_of_le
theorem lt_of_le_of_lt [trans] : a ≤ b → b < c → a < c := !order_pair.lt_of_le_of_lt
private theorem lt_irrefl (s' : order_pair A) (a : A) : ¬ a < a := !order_pair.lt_irrefl
private theorem lt_trans (s' : order_pair A) (a b c: A) (lt_ab : a < b) (lt_bc : b < c) : a < c :=
lt_of_lt_of_le lt_ab (le_of_lt lt_bc)
definition order_pair.to_strict_order [trans_instance] [reducible] : strict_order A :=
⦃ strict_order, s, lt_irrefl := lt_irrefl s, lt_trans := lt_trans s ⦄
theorem gt_of_gt_of_ge [trans] (H1 : a > b) (H2 : b ≥ c) : a > c := lt_of_le_of_lt H2 H1
theorem gt_of_ge_of_gt [trans] (H1 : a ≥ b) (H2 : b > c) : a > c := lt_of_lt_of_le H2 H1
theorem not_le_of_gt (H : a > b) : ¬ a ≤ b :=
assume H1 : a ≤ b,
lt.irrefl _ (lt_of_lt_of_le H H1)
theorem not_lt_of_ge (H : a ≥ b) : ¬ a < b :=
assume H1 : a < b,
lt.irrefl _ (lt_of_le_of_lt H H1)
end
structure strong_order_pair [class] (A : Type) extends weak_order A, has_lt A :=
(le_iff_lt_or_eq : ∀a b, le a b ↔ lt a b a = b)
(lt_irrefl : ∀ a, ¬ lt a a)
theorem le_iff_lt_or_eq [s : strong_order_pair A] {a b : A} : a ≤ b ↔ a < b a = b :=
!strong_order_pair.le_iff_lt_or_eq
theorem lt_or_eq_of_le [s : strong_order_pair A] {a b : A} (le_ab : a ≤ b) : a < b a = b :=
iff.mp le_iff_lt_or_eq le_ab
theorem le_of_lt_or_eq [s : strong_order_pair A] {a b : A} (lt_or_eq : a < b a = b) : a ≤ b :=
iff.mpr le_iff_lt_or_eq lt_or_eq
private theorem lt_irrefl' [s : strong_order_pair A] (a : A) : ¬ a < a :=
!strong_order_pair.lt_irrefl
private theorem le_of_lt' [s : strong_order_pair A] (a b : A) : a < b → a ≤ b :=
take Hlt, le_of_lt_or_eq (or.inl Hlt)
private theorem lt_iff_le_and_ne [s : strong_order_pair A] {a b : A} : a < b ↔ (a ≤ b ∧ a ≠ b) :=
iff.intro
(take Hlt, and.intro (le_of_lt_or_eq (or.inl Hlt)) (take Hab, absurd (Hab ▸ Hlt) !lt_irrefl'))
(take Hand,
have Hor : a < b a = b, from lt_or_eq_of_le (and.left Hand),
or_resolve_left Hor (and.right Hand))
theorem lt_of_le_of_ne [s : strong_order_pair A] {a b : A} : a ≤ b → a ≠ b → a < b :=
take H1 H2, iff.mpr lt_iff_le_and_ne (and.intro H1 H2)
private theorem ne_of_lt' [s : strong_order_pair A] {a b : A} (H : a < b) : a ≠ b :=
and.right ((iff.mp lt_iff_le_and_ne) H)
private theorem lt_of_lt_of_le' [s : strong_order_pair A] (a b c : A) : a < b → b ≤ c → a < c :=
assume lt_ab : a < b,
assume le_bc : b ≤ c,
have le_ac : a ≤ c, from le.trans (le_of_lt' _ _ lt_ab) le_bc,
have ne_ac : a ≠ c, from
assume eq_ac : a = c,
have le_ba : b ≤ a, from eq_ac⁻¹ ▸ le_bc,
have eq_ab : a = b, from le.antisymm (le_of_lt' _ _ lt_ab) le_ba,
show false, from ne_of_lt' lt_ab eq_ab,
show a < c, from iff.mpr (lt_iff_le_and_ne) (and.intro le_ac ne_ac)
theorem lt_of_le_of_lt' [s : strong_order_pair A] (a b c : A) : a ≤ b → b < c → a < c :=
assume le_ab : a ≤ b,
assume lt_bc : b < c,
have le_ac : a ≤ c, from le.trans le_ab (le_of_lt' _ _ lt_bc),
have ne_ac : a ≠ c, from
assume eq_ac : a = c,
have le_cb : c ≤ b, from eq_ac ▸ le_ab,
have eq_bc : b = c, from le.antisymm (le_of_lt' _ _ lt_bc) le_cb,
show false, from ne_of_lt' lt_bc eq_bc,
show a < c, from iff.mpr (lt_iff_le_and_ne) (and.intro le_ac ne_ac)
definition strong_order_pair.to_order_pair [trans_instance] [reducible]
[s : strong_order_pair A] : order_pair A :=
⦃ order_pair, s,
lt_irrefl := lt_irrefl',
le_of_lt := le_of_lt',
lt_of_le_of_lt := lt_of_le_of_lt',
lt_of_lt_of_le := lt_of_lt_of_le' ⦄
/- linear orders -/
structure linear_order_pair [class] (A : Type) extends order_pair A, linear_weak_order A
structure linear_strong_order_pair [class] (A : Type) extends strong_order_pair A,
linear_weak_order A
definition linear_strong_order_pair.to_linear_order_pair [trans_instance] [reducible]
[s : linear_strong_order_pair A] : linear_order_pair A :=
⦃ linear_order_pair, s, strong_order_pair.to_order_pair ⦄
section
variable [s : linear_strong_order_pair A]
variables (a b c : A)
include s
theorem lt.trichotomy : a < b a = b b < a :=
or.elim (le.total a b)
(assume H : a ≤ b,
or.elim (iff.mp !le_iff_lt_or_eq H) (assume H1, or.inl H1) (assume H1, or.inr (or.inl H1)))
(assume H : b ≤ a,
or.elim (iff.mp !le_iff_lt_or_eq H)
(assume H1, or.inr (or.inr H1))
(assume H1, or.inr (or.inl (H1⁻¹))))
theorem lt.by_cases {a b : A} {P : Prop}
(H1 : a < b → P) (H2 : a = b → P) (H3 : b < a → P) : P :=
or.elim !lt.trichotomy
(assume H, H1 H)
(assume H, or.elim H (assume H', H2 H') (assume H', H3 H'))
theorem le_of_not_gt {a b : A} (H : ¬ a > b) : a ≤ b :=
lt.by_cases (assume H', absurd H' H) (assume H', H' ▸ !le.refl) (assume H', le_of_lt H')
theorem lt_of_not_ge {a b : A} (H : ¬ a ≥ b) : a < b :=
lt.by_cases
(assume H', absurd (le_of_lt H') H)
(assume H', absurd (H' ▸ !le.refl) H)
(assume H', H')
theorem lt_or_ge : a < b a ≥ b :=
lt.by_cases
(assume H1 : a < b, or.inl H1)
(assume H1 : a = b, or.inr (H1 ▸ le.refl a))
(assume H1 : a > b, or.inr (le_of_lt H1))
theorem le_or_gt : a ≤ b a > b :=
!or.swap (lt_or_ge b a)
theorem lt_or_gt_of_ne {a b : A} (H : a ≠ b) : a < b a > b :=
lt.by_cases (assume H1, or.inl H1) (assume H1, absurd H1 H) (assume H1, or.inr H1)
end
open decidable
structure decidable_linear_order [class] (A : Type) extends linear_strong_order_pair A :=
(decidable_lt : decidable_rel lt)
section
variable [s : decidable_linear_order A]
variables {a b c d : A}
include s
open decidable
definition decidable_lt [instance] : decidable (a < b) :=
@decidable_linear_order.decidable_lt _ _ _ _
definition decidable_le [instance] : decidable (a ≤ b) :=
by_cases
(assume H : a < b, inl (le_of_lt H))
(assume H : ¬ a < b,
have H1 : b ≤ a, from le_of_not_gt H,
by_cases
(assume H2 : b < a, inr (not_le_of_gt H2))
(assume H2 : ¬ b < a, inl (le_of_not_gt H2)))
definition has_decidable_eq [instance] : decidable (a = b) :=
by_cases
(assume H : a ≤ b,
by_cases
(assume H1 : b ≤ a, inl (le.antisymm H H1))
(assume H1 : ¬ b ≤ a, inr (assume H2 : a = b, H1 (H2 ▸ le.refl a))))
(assume H : ¬ a ≤ b,
(inr (assume H1 : a = b, H (H1 ▸ !le.refl))))
theorem eq_or_lt_of_not_lt {a b : A} (H : ¬ a < b) : a = b b < a :=
if Heq : a = b then or.inl Heq else or.inr (lt_of_not_ge (λ Hge, H (lt_of_le_of_ne Hge Heq)))
theorem eq_or_lt_of_le {a b : A} (H : a ≤ b) : a = b a < b :=
begin
cases eq_or_lt_of_not_lt (not_lt_of_ge H),
exact or.inl a_1⁻¹,
exact or.inr a_1
end
-- testing equality first may result in more definitional equalities
definition lt.cases {B : Type} (a b : A) (t_lt t_eq t_gt : B) : B :=
if a = b then t_eq else (if a < b then t_lt else t_gt)
theorem lt.cases_of_eq {B : Type} {a b : A} {t_lt t_eq t_gt : B} (H : a = b) :
lt.cases a b t_lt t_eq t_gt = t_eq := if_pos H
theorem lt.cases_of_lt {B : Type} {a b : A} {t_lt t_eq t_gt : B} (H : a < b) :
lt.cases a b t_lt t_eq t_gt = t_lt :=
if_neg (ne_of_lt H) ⬝ if_pos H
theorem lt.cases_of_gt {B : Type} {a b : A} {t_lt t_eq t_gt : B} (H : a > b) :
lt.cases a b t_lt t_eq t_gt = t_gt :=
if_neg (ne.symm (ne_of_lt H)) ⬝ if_neg (lt.asymm H)
definition min (a b : A) : A := if a ≤ b then a else b
definition max (a b : A) : A := if a ≤ b then b else a
/- these show min and max form a lattice -/
theorem min_le_left (a b : A) : min a b ≤ a :=
by_cases
(assume H : a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑min, if_pos H]; apply le.refl)
(assume H : ¬ a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑min, if_neg H]; apply le_of_lt (lt_of_not_ge H))
theorem min_le_right (a b : A) : min a b ≤ b :=
by_cases
(assume H : a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑min, if_pos H]; apply H)
(assume H : ¬ a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑min, if_neg H]; apply le.refl)
theorem le_min {a b c : A} (H₁ : c ≤ a) (H₂ : c ≤ b) : c ≤ min a b :=
by_cases
(assume H : a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑min, if_pos H]; apply H₁)
(assume H : ¬ a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑min, if_neg H]; apply H₂)
theorem le_max_left (a b : A) : a ≤ max a b :=
by_cases
(assume H : a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑max, if_pos H]; apply H)
(assume H : ¬ a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑max, if_neg H]; apply le.refl)
theorem le_max_right (a b : A) : b ≤ max a b :=
by_cases
(assume H : a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑max, if_pos H]; apply le.refl)
(assume H : ¬ a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑max, if_neg H]; apply le_of_lt (lt_of_not_ge H))
theorem max_le {a b c : A} (H₁ : a ≤ c) (H₂ : b ≤ c) : max a b ≤ c :=
by_cases
(assume H : a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑max, if_pos H]; apply H₂)
(assume H : ¬ a ≤ b, by rewrite [↑max, if_neg H]; apply H₁)
theorem le_max_left_iff_true [simp] (a b : A) : a ≤ max a b ↔ true :=
iff_true_intro (le_max_left a b)
theorem le_max_right_iff_true [simp] (a b : A) : b ≤ max a b ↔ true :=
iff_true_intro (le_max_right a b)
/- these are also proved for lattices, but with inf and sup in place of min and max -/
theorem eq_min {a b c : A} (H₁ : c ≤ a) (H₂ : c ≤ b) (H₃ : ∀{d}, d ≤ a → d ≤ b → d ≤ c) :
c = min a b :=
le.antisymm (le_min H₁ H₂) (H₃ !min_le_left !min_le_right)
theorem min.comm (a b : A) : min a b = min b a :=
eq_min !min_le_right !min_le_left (λ c H₁ H₂, le_min H₂ H₁)
theorem min.assoc (a b c : A) : min (min a b) c = min a (min b c) :=
begin
apply eq_min,
{ apply le.trans, apply min_le_left, apply min_le_left },
{ apply le_min, apply le.trans, apply min_le_left, apply min_le_right, apply min_le_right },
{ intros [d, H₁, H₂], apply le_min, apply le_min H₁, apply le.trans H₂, apply min_le_left,
apply le.trans H₂, apply min_le_right }
end
theorem min.left_comm (a b c : A) : min a (min b c) = min b (min a c) :=
binary.left_comm (@min.comm A s) (@min.assoc A s) a b c
theorem min.right_comm (a b c : A) : min (min a b) c = min (min a c) b :=
binary.right_comm (@min.comm A s) (@min.assoc A s) a b c
theorem min_self (a : A) : min a a = a :=
by apply eq.symm; apply eq_min (le.refl a) !le.refl; intros; assumption
theorem min_eq_left {a b : A} (H : a ≤ b) : min a b = a :=
by apply eq.symm; apply eq_min !le.refl H; intros; assumption
theorem min_eq_right {a b : A} (H : b ≤ a) : min a b = b :=
eq.subst !min.comm (min_eq_left H)
theorem eq_max {a b c : A} (H₁ : a ≤ c) (H₂ : b ≤ c) (H₃ : ∀{d}, a ≤ d → b ≤ d → c ≤ d) :
c = max a b :=
le.antisymm (H₃ !le_max_left !le_max_right) (max_le H₁ H₂)
theorem max.comm (a b : A) : max a b = max b a :=
eq_max !le_max_right !le_max_left (λ c H₁ H₂, max_le H₂ H₁)
theorem max.assoc (a b c : A) : max (max a b) c = max a (max b c) :=
begin
apply eq_max,
{ apply le.trans, apply le_max_left a b, apply le_max_left },
{ apply max_le, apply le.trans, apply le_max_right a b, apply le_max_left, apply le_max_right },
{ intros [d, H₁, H₂], apply max_le, apply max_le H₁, apply le.trans !le_max_left H₂,
apply le.trans !le_max_right H₂}
end
theorem max.left_comm (a b c : A) : max a (max b c) = max b (max a c) :=
binary.left_comm (@max.comm A s) (@max.assoc A s) a b c
theorem max.right_comm (a b c : A) : max (max a b) c = max (max a c) b :=
binary.right_comm (@max.comm A s) (@max.assoc A s) a b c
theorem max_self (a : A) : max a a = a :=
by apply eq.symm; apply eq_max (le.refl a) !le.refl; intros; assumption
theorem max_eq_left {a b : A} (H : b ≤ a) : max a b = a :=
by apply eq.symm; apply eq_max !le.refl H; intros; assumption
theorem max_eq_right {a b : A} (H : a ≤ b) : max a b = b :=
eq.subst !max.comm (max_eq_left H)
/- these rely on lt_of_lt -/
theorem min_eq_left_of_lt {a b : A} (H : a < b) : min a b = a :=
min_eq_left (le_of_lt H)
theorem min_eq_right_of_lt {a b : A} (H : b < a) : min a b = b :=
min_eq_right (le_of_lt H)
theorem max_eq_left_of_lt {a b : A} (H : b < a) : max a b = a :=
max_eq_left (le_of_lt H)
theorem max_eq_right_of_lt {a b : A} (H : a < b) : max a b = b :=
max_eq_right (le_of_lt H)
/- these use the fact that it is a linear ordering -/
theorem lt_min {a b c : A} (H₁ : a < b) (H₂ : a < c) : a < min b c :=
or.elim !le_or_gt
(assume H : b ≤ c, by rewrite (min_eq_left H); apply H₁)
(assume H : b > c, by rewrite (min_eq_right_of_lt H); apply H₂)
theorem max_lt {a b c : A} (H₁ : a < c) (H₂ : b < c) : max a b < c :=
or.elim !le_or_gt
(assume H : a ≤ b, by rewrite (max_eq_right H); apply H₂)
(assume H : a > b, by rewrite (max_eq_left_of_lt H); apply H₁)
end
end algebra