lean2/library/data/nat/basic.lean

--- Copyright (c) 2014 Floris van Doorn. All rights reserved.
--- Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
--- Author: Floris van Doorn

-- data.nat.basic
-- ==============
--
-- Basic operations on the natural numbers.

import logic data.num tools.tactic algebra.binary tools.helper_tactics
import logic.core.inhabited

open tactic binary eq_ops
open decidable
open relation -- for subst_iff
open helper_tactics

-- Definition of the type
-- ----------------------
inductive nat : Type :=
  zero : nat,
  succ : nat → nat

namespace nat

notation `ℕ` := nat

theorem rec_zero {P : ℕ → Type} (x : P zero) (f : ∀m, P m → P (succ m)) : nat.rec x f zero = x

theorem rec_succ {P : ℕ → Type} (x : P zero) (f : ∀m, P m → P (succ m)) (n : ℕ) :
  nat.rec x f (succ n) = f n (nat.rec x f n)

theorem induction_on [protected] {P : ℕ → Prop} (a : ℕ) (H1 : P zero) (H2 : ∀ (n : ℕ) (IH : P n), P (succ n)) :
  P a :=
nat.rec H1 H2 a

definition rec_on [protected] {P : ℕ → Type} (n : ℕ) (H1 : P zero) (H2 : ∀m, P m → P (succ m)) : P n :=
nat.rec H1 H2 n

theorem is_inhabited [protected] [instance] : inhabited nat :=
inhabited.mk zero

-- Coercion from num
-- -----------------

abbreviation plus (x y : ℕ) : ℕ :=
nat.rec x (λ n r, succ r) y

definition to_nat [coercion] [inline] (n : num) : ℕ :=
num.rec zero
    (λ n, pos_num.rec (succ zero) (λ n r, plus r (plus r (succ zero))) (λ n r, plus r r) n) n


-- Successor and predecessor
-- -------------------------

theorem succ_ne_zero {n : ℕ} : succ n ≠ 0 :=
assume H : succ n = 0,
have H2 : true = false, from
  let f := (nat.rec false (fun a b, true)) in
    calc
      true = f (succ n) : rfl
       ... = f 0        : {H}
       ... = false      : rfl,
absurd H2 true_ne_false

-- add_rewrite succ_ne_zero

definition pred (n : ℕ) := nat.rec 0 (fun m x, m) n

theorem pred_zero : pred 0 = 0

theorem pred_succ {n : ℕ} : pred (succ n) = n

opaque pred

theorem zero_or_succ_pred (n : ℕ) : n = 0 ∨ n = succ (pred n) :=
induction_on n
  (or.inl rfl)
  (take m IH, or.inr
    (show succ m = succ (pred (succ m)), from congr_arg succ pred_succ⁻¹))

theorem zero_or_exists_succ (n : ℕ) : n = 0 ∨ ∃k, n = succ k :=
or.imp_or (zero_or_succ_pred n) (assume H, H)
    (assume H : n = succ (pred n), exists_intro (pred n) H)

theorem case {P : ℕ → Prop} (n : ℕ) (H1: P 0) (H2 : ∀m, P (succ m)) : P n :=
induction_on n H1 (take m IH, H2 m)

theorem discriminate {B : Prop} {n : ℕ} (H1: n = 0 → B) (H2 : ∀m, n = succ m → B) : B :=
or.elim (zero_or_succ_pred n)
  (take H3 : n = 0, H1 H3)
  (take H3 : n = succ (pred n), H2 (pred n) H3)

theorem succ_inj {n m : ℕ} (H : succ n = succ m) : n = m :=
calc
    n = pred (succ n) : pred_succ⁻¹
  ... = pred (succ m) : {H}
  ... = m             : pred_succ

theorem succ_ne_self {n : ℕ} : succ n ≠ n :=
induction_on n
  (take H : 1 = 0,
    have ne : 1 ≠ 0, from succ_ne_zero,
    absurd H ne)
  (take k IH H, IH (succ_inj H))

theorem has_decidable_eq [instance] [protected] : decidable_eq ℕ :=
take n m : ℕ,
have general : ∀n, decidable (n = m), from
  rec_on m
    (take n,
      rec_on n
        (inl rfl)
        (λ m iH, inr succ_ne_zero))
    (λ (m' : ℕ) (iH1 : ∀n, decidable (n = m')),
      take n, rec_on n
        (inr (ne.symm succ_ne_zero))
        (λ (n' : ℕ) (iH2 : decidable (n' = succ m')),
          decidable.by_cases
            (assume Heq : n' = m', inl (congr_arg succ Heq))
            (assume Hne : n' ≠ m',
              have H1 : succ n' ≠ succ m', from
                assume Heq, absurd (succ_inj Heq) Hne,
              inr H1))),
general n

theorem two_step_induction_on {P : ℕ → Prop} (a : ℕ) (H1 : P 0) (H2 : P 1)
    (H3 : ∀ (n : ℕ) (IH1 : P n) (IH2 : P (succ n)), P (succ (succ n))) : P a :=
have stronger : P a ∧ P (succ a), from
  induction_on a
    (and.intro H1 H2)
    (take k IH,
      have IH1 : P k, from and.elim_left IH,
      have IH2 : P (succ k), from and.elim_right IH,
        and.intro IH2 (H3 k IH1 IH2)),
  and.elim_left stronger

theorem sub_induction {P : ℕ → ℕ → Prop} (n m : ℕ) (H1 : ∀m, P 0 m)
   (H2 : ∀n, P (succ n) 0) (H3 : ∀n m, P n m → P (succ n) (succ m)) : P n m :=
have general : ∀m, P n m, from induction_on n
  (take m : ℕ, H1 m)
  (take k : ℕ,
    assume IH : ∀m, P k m,
    take m : ℕ,
    discriminate
      (assume Hm : m = 0, Hm⁻¹ ▸ (H2 k))
      (take l : ℕ, assume Hm : m = succ l, Hm⁻¹ ▸ (H3 k l (IH l)))),
general m

-- Addition
-- --------

definition add (x y : ℕ) : ℕ := plus x y

infixl `+` := add

theorem add_zero_right {n : ℕ} : n + 0 = n

theorem add_succ_right {n m : ℕ} : n + succ m = succ (n + m)

opaque add

theorem add_zero_left {n : ℕ} : 0 + n = n :=
induction_on n
    add_zero_right
    (take m IH, show 0 + succ m = succ m, from
      calc
        0 + succ m = succ (0 + m) : add_succ_right
               ... = succ m       : {IH})

theorem add_succ_left {n m : ℕ} : (succ n) + m = succ (n + m) :=
induction_on m
    (add_zero_right ▸ add_zero_right)
    (take k IH, calc
      succ n + succ k = succ (succ n + k)    : add_succ_right
                  ... = succ (succ (n + k))  : {IH}
                  ... = succ (n + succ k)    : {add_succ_right⁻¹})

theorem add_comm {n m : ℕ} : n + m = m + n :=
induction_on m
    (add_zero_right ⬝ add_zero_left⁻¹)
    (take k IH, calc
        n + succ k = succ (n+k)   : add_succ_right
               ... = succ (k + n) : {IH}
               ... = succ k + n   : add_succ_left⁻¹)

theorem add_move_succ {n m : ℕ} : succ n + m = n + succ m :=
add_succ_left ⬝ add_succ_right⁻¹

theorem add_comm_succ {n m : ℕ} : n + succ m = m + succ n :=
add_move_succ⁻¹ ⬝ add_comm

theorem add_assoc {n m k : ℕ} : (n + m) + k = n + (m + k) :=
induction_on k
    (add_zero_right ▸ add_zero_right)
    (take l IH,
      calc
        (n + m) + succ l = succ ((n + m) + l)  : add_succ_right
                     ... = succ (n + (m + l))  : {IH}
                     ... = n + succ (m + l)    : add_succ_right⁻¹
                     ... = n + (m + succ l)    : {add_succ_right⁻¹})

theorem add_left_comm {n m k : ℕ} : n + (m + k) = m + (n + k) :=
left_comm @add_comm @add_assoc n m k

theorem add_right_comm {n m k : ℕ} : n + m + k = n + k + m :=
right_comm @add_comm @add_assoc n m k

-- add_rewrite add_zero_left add_zero_right
-- add_rewrite add_succ_left add_succ_right
-- add_rewrite add_comm add_assoc add_left_comm

-- ### cancelation

theorem add_cancel_left {n m k : ℕ} : n + m = n + k → m = k :=
induction_on n
  (take H : 0 + m = 0 + k,
    add_zero_left⁻¹ ⬝ H ⬝ add_zero_left)
  (take (n : ℕ) (IH : n + m = n + k → m = k) (H : succ n + m = succ n + k),
    have H2 : succ (n + m) = succ (n + k),
    from calc
      succ (n + m) = succ n + m   : add_succ_left⁻¹
               ... = succ n + k   : H
               ... = succ (n + k) : add_succ_left,
    have H3 : n + m = n + k, from succ_inj H2,
    IH H3)

theorem add_cancel_right {n m k : ℕ} (H : n + m = k + m) : n = k :=
have H2 : m + n = m + k, from add_comm ⬝ H ⬝ add_comm,
  add_cancel_left H2

theorem add_eq_zero_left {n m : ℕ} : n + m = 0 → n = 0 :=
induction_on n
  (take (H : 0 + m = 0), rfl)
  (take k IH,
    assume H : succ k + m = 0,
    absurd
      (show succ (k + m) = 0, from calc
         succ (k + m) = succ k + m : add_succ_left⁻¹
                  ... = 0          : H)
      succ_ne_zero)

theorem add_eq_zero_right {n m : ℕ} (H : n + m = 0) : m = 0 :=
add_eq_zero_left (add_comm ⬝ H)

theorem add_eq_zero {n m : ℕ} (H : n + m = 0) : n = 0 ∧ m = 0 :=
and.intro (add_eq_zero_left H) (add_eq_zero_right H)

-- ### misc

theorem add_one {n : ℕ} : n + 1 = succ n :=
add_zero_right ▸ add_succ_right

theorem add_one_left {n : ℕ} : 1 + n = succ n :=
add_zero_left ▸ add_succ_left

-- TODO: rename? remove?
theorem induction_plus_one {P : nat → Prop} (a : ℕ) (H1 : P 0)
    (H2 : ∀ (n : ℕ) (IH : P n), P (n + 1)) : P a :=
nat.rec H1 (take n IH, add_one ▸ (H2 n IH)) a

-- Multiplication
-- --------------

definition mul (n m : ℕ) := nat.rec 0 (fun m x, x + n) m
infixl `*` := mul

theorem mul_zero_right {n : ℕ} : n * 0 = 0

theorem mul_succ_right {n m : ℕ} : n * succ m = n * m + n

opaque mul

-- ### commutativity, distributivity, associativity, identity

theorem mul_zero_left {n : ℕ} : 0 * n = 0 :=
induction_on n
  mul_zero_right
  (take m IH, mul_succ_right ⬝ add_zero_right ⬝ IH)

theorem mul_succ_left {n m : ℕ} : (succ n) * m = (n * m) + m :=
induction_on m
  (mul_zero_right ⬝ mul_zero_right⁻¹ ⬝ add_zero_right⁻¹)
  (take k IH, calc
    succ n * succ k = (succ n * k) + succ n   : mul_succ_right
                ... = (n * k) + k + succ n    : {IH}
                ... = (n * k) + (k + succ n)  : add_assoc
                ... = (n * k) + (n + succ k)  : {add_comm_succ}
                ... = (n * k) + n + succ k    : add_assoc⁻¹
                ... = (n * succ k) + succ k   : {mul_succ_right⁻¹})

theorem mul_comm {n m : ℕ} : n * m = m * n :=
induction_on m
  (mul_zero_right ⬝ mul_zero_left⁻¹)
  (take k IH, calc
    n * succ k = n * k + n    : mul_succ_right
           ... = k * n + n    : {IH}
           ... = (succ k) * n : mul_succ_left⁻¹)

theorem mul_distr_right {n m k : ℕ} : (n + m) * k = n * k + m * k :=
induction_on k
  (calc
    (n + m) * 0 = 0             : mul_zero_right
            ... = 0 + 0         : add_zero_right⁻¹
            ... = n * 0 + 0     : {mul_zero_right⁻¹}
            ... = n * 0 + m * 0 : {mul_zero_right⁻¹})
  (take l IH, calc
    (n + m) * succ l = (n + m) * l + (n + m)    : mul_succ_right
                 ... = n * l + m * l + (n + m)  : {IH}
                 ... = n * l + m * l + n + m    : add_assoc⁻¹
                 ... = n * l + n + m * l + m    : {add_right_comm}
                 ... = n * l + n + (m * l + m)  : add_assoc
                 ... = n * succ l + (m * l + m) : {mul_succ_right⁻¹}
                 ... = n * succ l + m * succ l  : {mul_succ_right⁻¹})

theorem mul_distr_left {n m k : ℕ} : n * (m + k) = n * m + n * k :=
calc
  n * (m + k) = (m + k) * n    : mul_comm
          ... = m * n + k * n  : mul_distr_right
          ... = n * m + k * n  : {mul_comm}
          ... = n * m + n * k  : {mul_comm}

theorem mul_assoc {n m k : ℕ} : (n * m) * k = n * (m * k) :=
induction_on k
  (calc
    (n * m) * 0 = 0           : mul_zero_right
            ... = n * 0       : mul_zero_right⁻¹
            ... = n * (m * 0) : {mul_zero_right⁻¹})
  (take l IH,
    calc
      (n * m) * succ l = (n * m) * l + n * m : mul_succ_right
                   ... = n * (m * l) + n * m : {IH}
                   ... = n * (m * l + m)     : mul_distr_left⁻¹
                   ... = n * (m * succ l)    : {mul_succ_right⁻¹})

theorem mul_left_comm {n m k : ℕ} : n * (m * k) = m * (n * k) :=
left_comm @mul_comm @mul_assoc n m k

theorem mul_right_comm {n m k : ℕ} : n * m * k = n * k * m :=
right_comm @mul_comm @mul_assoc n m k

theorem mul_one_right {n : ℕ} : n * 1 = n :=
calc
  n * 1 = n * 0 + n : mul_succ_right
    ... = 0 + n     : {mul_zero_right}
    ... = n         : add_zero_left

theorem mul_one_left {n : ℕ} : 1 * n = n :=
calc
  1 * n = n * 1 : mul_comm
    ... = n     : mul_one_right

theorem mul_eq_zero {n m : ℕ} (H : n * m = 0) : n = 0 ∨ m = 0 :=
discriminate
  (take Hn : n = 0, or.inl Hn)
  (take (k : ℕ),
    assume (Hk : n = succ k),
    discriminate
      (take (Hm : m = 0), or.inr Hm)
      (take (l : ℕ),
        assume (Hl : m = succ l),
        have Heq : succ (k * succ l + l) = n * m, from
         (calc
            n * m = n * succ l            : {Hl}
              ... = succ k * succ l       : {Hk}
              ... = k * succ l + succ l   : mul_succ_left
              ... = succ (k * succ l + l) : add_succ_right)⁻¹,
        absurd (Heq ⬝ H) succ_ne_zero))

---other inversion theorems appear below

-- add_rewrite mul_zero_left mul_zero_right mul_one_right mul_one_left
-- add_rewrite mul_succ_left mul_succ_right
-- add_rewrite mul_comm mul_assoc mul_left_comm
-- add_rewrite mul_distr_right mul_distr_left

end nat