csci5607/assignment-1b/src/scene/data.rs

use std::fmt::Debug;

use anyhow::Result;
use nalgebra::Vector3;
use ordered_float::NotNan;

use crate::image::Color;
use crate::ray::Ray;

pub trait ObjectKind: Debug + Send + Sync {
  /// Determine where the ray intersects this object, returning the earliest
  /// time this happens. Returns None if no intersection occurs.
  ///
  /// Also known as Trace_Ray in the slides, except not the part where it calls
  /// Shade_Ray.
  fn intersects_ray_at(&self, ray: &Ray)
    -> Result<Option<IntersectionContext>>;
}

/// An object in the scene
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Object {
  pub kind: Box<dyn ObjectKind>,

  /// Index into the scene's material color list
  pub material: usize,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Rect {
  pub upper_left: Vector3<f64>,
  pub upper_right: Vector3<f64>,
  pub lower_left: Vector3<f64>,
  pub lower_right: Vector3<f64>,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Material {
  pub diffuse_color: Vector3<f64>,
  pub specular_color: Vector3<f64>,

  pub k_a: f64,
  pub k_d: f64,
  pub k_s: f64,
  pub exponent: f64,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum LightKind {
  /// A point light source exists at a point and emits light in all directions
  Point {
    location: Vector3<f64>,
  },

  Directional {
    direction: Vector3<f64>,
  },
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Light {
  pub kind: LightKind,
  pub color: Vector3<f64>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct Scene {
  pub eye_pos: Vector3<f64>,
  pub view_dir: Vector3<f64>,
  pub up_dir: Vector3<f64>,

  /// Horizontal field of view (in degrees)
  pub hfov: f64,
  pub parallel_projection: bool,

  pub image_width: usize,
  pub image_height: usize,

  /// Background color
  pub bkg_color: Color,

  pub materials: Vec<Material>,
  pub lights: Vec<Light>,
  pub objects: Vec<Object>,
}

#[derive(Derivative)]
#[derivative(Debug, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
pub struct IntersectionContext {
  /// The time of the intersection in the parametric ray
  ///
  /// Unfortunately, IEEE floats in Rust don't have total ordering, because
  /// NaNs violate ordering properties. The way to remedy this is to ensure we
  /// don't have NaNs by wrapping it into this type, which then implements
  /// total ordering.
  pub time: NotNan<f64>,

  /// The intersection point.
  #[derivative(PartialEq = "ignore", Ord = "ignore")]
  pub point: Vector3<f64>,

  /// The normal vector protruding from the surface of the object at the
  /// intersection point
  #[derivative(PartialEq = "ignore", Ord = "ignore")]
  pub normal: Vector3<f64>,
}

impl Eq for IntersectionContext {}

impl Scene {
  /// Determine the color that should be used to fill this pixel.
  ///
  /// - material_idx is the index into the materials list.
  /// - intersection_context contains information on vectors where the
  ///   intersection occurred
  ///
  /// Also known as Shade_Ray in the slides.
  pub fn compute_pixel_color(
    &self,
    material_idx: usize,
    intersection_context: IntersectionContext,
  ) -> Color {
    // TODO: Does it make sense to make this function fallible from an API
    // design standpoint?
    let material = match self.materials.get(material_idx) {
      Some(v) => v,
      None => return self.bkg_color,
    };

    let ambient_component = material.k_a * material.diffuse_color;

    let diffuse_and_specular: Vector3<f64> = self
      .lights
      .iter()
      .map(|light| {
        // The vector pointing in the direction of the light
        let light_direction = match light.kind {
          LightKind::Point { location } => {
            location - intersection_context.point
          }
          LightKind::Directional { direction } => direction,
        }
        .normalize();

        let normal = intersection_context.normal.normalize();
        let viewer_direction = self.eye_pos - intersection_context.point;
        let halfway_direction =
          ((light_direction + viewer_direction) / 2.0).normalize();

        let diffuse_component = material.k_d
          * material.diffuse_color
          * normal.dot(&light_direction).max(0.0);

        let specular_component = material.k_s
          * material.specular_color
          * normal
            .dot(&halfway_direction)
            .max(0.0)
            .powf(material.exponent);

        diffuse_component + specular_component
      })
      .sum();

    ambient_component + diffuse_and_specular
  }

  /// Determine the boundaries of the viewing window in world coordinates
  pub fn compute_viewing_window(&self, distance: f64) -> Rect {
    // Compute viewing directions
    let u = self.view_dir.cross(&self.up_dir).normalize();
    let v = u.cross(&self.view_dir).normalize();

    // Compute dimensions of viewing window based on field of view
    let viewing_width = {
      // Divide the angle in 2 since we are trying to use trig rules so we must
      // get it from a right triangle
      let half_hfov = self.hfov.to_radians() / 2.0;

      // tan(hfov / 2) = w / 2d
      let w_over_2d = half_hfov.tan();

      // To find the viewing width we must multiply by 2d now
      w_over_2d * 2.0 * distance
    };

    let aspect_ratio = self.image_width as f64 / self.image_height as f64;
    let viewing_height = viewing_width / aspect_ratio;

    // Compute viewing window corners
    let n = self.view_dir.normalize();
    #[rustfmt::skip] // Otherwise this line wraps over
    let view_window = Rect {
      upper_left: self.eye_pos + n * distance - u * (viewing_width / 2.0) + v * (viewing_height / 2.0),
      upper_right: self.eye_pos + n * distance + u * (viewing_width / 2.0) + v * (viewing_height / 2.0),
      lower_left: self.eye_pos + n * distance - u * (viewing_width / 2.0) - v * (viewing_height / 2.0),
      lower_right: self.eye_pos + n * distance + u * (viewing_width / 2.0) - v * (viewing_height / 2.0),
    };

    view_window
  }
}