lean2/library/data/finset/partition.lean

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/-
Copyright (c) 2015 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
Author: Haitao Zhang
Partitions of a type A into finite subsets of A. Such a partition is represented by
a function f : A → finset A which maps every element a : A to its equivalence class.
-/
import .card
open function eq.ops
variable {A : Type}
variable [deceqA : decidable_eq A]
include deceqA
namespace finset
definition is_partition (f : A → finset A) := ∀ a b, a ∈ f b = (f a = f b)
structure partition : Type :=
(set : finset A) (part : A → finset A) (is_part : is_partition part)
(complete : set = Union set part)
attribute partition.part [coercion]
namespace partition
definition equiv_classes (f : partition) : finset (finset A) :=
image (partition.part f) (partition.set f)
lemma equiv_class_disjoint (f : partition) (a1 a2 : finset A) (Pa1 : a1 ∈ equiv_classes f)
(Pa2 : a2 ∈ equiv_classes f) :
a1 ≠ a2 → a1 ∩ a2 = ∅ :=
assume Pne,
assert Pe1 : _, from exists_of_mem_image Pa1, obtain g1 Pg1, from Pe1,
assert Pe2 : _, from exists_of_mem_image Pa2, obtain g2 Pg2, from Pe2,
begin
apply inter_eq_empty_of_disjoint,
apply disjoint.intro,
rewrite [eq.symm (and.right Pg1), eq.symm (and.right Pg2)],
intro x,
rewrite [*partition.is_part f],
intro Pxg1, rewrite [Pxg1, and.right Pg1, and.right Pg2],
intro Pe, exact absurd Pe Pne
end
theorem class_equation (f : @partition A _) :
card (partition.set f) = nat.finset.Sum (equiv_classes f) card :=
let s := (partition.set f), p := (partition.part f), img := image p s in
calc
card s = card (Union s p) : partition.complete f
... = card (Union img id) : image_eq_Union_index_image s p
... = card (Union (equiv_classes f) id) : rfl
... = nat.finset.Sum (equiv_classes f) card : card_Union_of_disjoint _ id (equiv_class_disjoint f)
lemma equiv_class_refl {f : A → finset A} (Pequiv : is_partition f) : ∀ a, a ∈ f a :=
take a, by rewrite [Pequiv a a]
-- make it a little easier to prove union from restriction
lemma restriction_imp_union {s : finset A} (f : A → finset A) (Pequiv : is_partition f)
(Psub : ∀{a}, a ∈ s → f a ⊆ s) :
s = Union s f :=
ext (take a, iff.intro
(assume Pains,
begin
rewrite [(Union_insert_of_mem f Pains)⁻¹, Union_insert],
apply mem_union_l, exact equiv_class_refl Pequiv a
end)
(assume Painu,
have Pclass : ∃ x, x ∈ s ∧ a ∈ f x,
from iff.elim_left (mem_Union_iff s f _) Painu,
obtain x Px, from Pclass,
have Pfx : f x ⊆ s, from Psub (and.left Px),
mem_of_subset_of_mem Pfx (and.right Px)))
lemma binary_union (P : A → Prop) [decP : decidable_pred P] {S : finset A} :
S = {a ∈ S | P a} {a ∈ S | ¬(P a)} :=
ext take a, iff.intro
(suppose a ∈ S, decidable.by_cases
(suppose P a, mem_union_l (mem_sep_of_mem `a ∈ S` this))
(suppose ¬ P a, mem_union_r (mem_sep_of_mem `a ∈ S` this)))
(suppose a ∈ sep P S {a ∈ S | ¬ P a}, or.elim (mem_or_mem_of_mem_union this)
(suppose a ∈ sep P S, mem_of_mem_sep this)
(suppose a ∈ {a ∈ S | ¬ P a}, mem_of_mem_sep this))
lemma binary_inter_empty {P : A → Prop} [decP : decidable_pred P] {S : finset A} :
{a ∈ S | P a} ∩ {a ∈ S | ¬(P a)} = ∅ :=
inter_eq_empty (take a, assume Pa nPa, absurd (of_mem_sep Pa) (of_mem_sep nPa))
definition disjoint_sets (S : finset (finset A)) : Prop :=
∀ s₁ s₂ (P₁ : s₁ ∈ S) (P₂ : s₂ ∈ S), s₁ ≠ s₂ → s₁ ∩ s₂ = ∅
lemma disjoint_sets_sep_of_disjoint_sets {P : finset A → Prop} [decP : decidable_pred P] {S : finset (finset A)} :
disjoint_sets S → disjoint_sets {s ∈ S | P s} :=
assume Pds, take s₁ s₂, assume P₁ P₂, Pds s₁ s₂ (mem_of_mem_sep P₁) (mem_of_mem_sep P₂)
lemma binary_inter_empty_Union_disjoint_sets {P : finset A → Prop} [decP : decidable_pred P] {S : finset (finset A)} :
disjoint_sets S → Union {s ∈ S | P s} id ∩ Union {s ∈ S | ¬P s} id = ∅ :=
assume Pds, inter_eq_empty (take a, assume Pa nPa,
obtain s Psin Pains, from iff.elim_left !mem_Union_iff Pa,
obtain t Ptin Paint, from iff.elim_left !mem_Union_iff nPa,
assert s ≠ t,
from assume Peq, absurd (Peq ▸ of_mem_sep Psin) (of_mem_sep Ptin),
Pds s t (mem_of_mem_sep Psin) (mem_of_mem_sep Ptin) `s ≠ t` ▸ mem_inter Pains Paint)
section
variables {B: Type} [deceqB : decidable_eq B]
include deceqB
lemma binary_Union (f : A → finset B) {P : A → Prop} [decP : decidable_pred P] {s : finset A} :
Union s f = Union {a ∈ s | P a} f Union {a ∈ s | ¬P a} f :=
begin rewrite [binary_union P at {1}], apply Union_union, exact binary_inter_empty end
end
open nat nat.finset
section
open algebra algebra.finset
variables {B : Type} [acmB : add_comm_monoid B]
include acmB
lemma Sum_binary_union (f : A → B) (P : A → Prop) [decP : decidable_pred P] {S : finset A} :
Sum S f = Sum {s ∈ S | P s} f + Sum {s ∈ S | ¬P s} f :=
calc
Sum S f = Sum ({s ∈ S | P s} {s ∈ S | ¬(P s)}) f : binary_union
... = Sum {s ∈ S | P s} f + Sum {s ∈ S | ¬P s} f : Sum_union f binary_inter_empty
end
lemma card_binary_Union_disjoint_sets (P : finset A → Prop) [decP : decidable_pred P] {S : finset (finset A)} :
disjoint_sets S → card (Union S id) = Sum {s ∈ S | P s} card + Sum {s ∈ S | ¬P s} card :=
assume Pds, calc
card (Union S id)
= card (Union {s ∈ S | P s} id Union {s ∈ S | ¬P s} id) : binary_Union
... = card (Union {s ∈ S | P s} id) + card (Union {s ∈ S | ¬P s} id) : card_union_of_disjoint (binary_inter_empty_Union_disjoint_sets Pds)
... = Sum {s ∈ S | P s} card + Sum {s ∈ S | ¬P s} card : by rewrite [*(card_Union_of_disjoint _ id (disjoint_sets_sep_of_disjoint_sets Pds))]
end partition
end finset