1083 lines
45 KiB
Text
1083 lines
45 KiB
Text
-- Copyright (c) 2014 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
|
||
-- Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
|
||
-- Author: Leonardo de Moura
|
||
import macros tactic
|
||
|
||
universe U ≥ 1
|
||
definition TypeU := (Type U)
|
||
|
||
-- create default rewrite rule set
|
||
(* mk_rewrite_rule_set() *)
|
||
|
||
variable Bool : Type
|
||
|
||
-- Reflexivity for heterogeneous equality
|
||
-- We use universe U+1 in heterogeneous equality axioms because we want to be able
|
||
-- to state the equality between A and B of (Type U)
|
||
axiom hrefl {A : (Type U+1)} (a : A) : a == a
|
||
|
||
-- Homogeneous equality
|
||
definition eq {A : (Type U)} (a b : A) := a == b
|
||
infix 50 = : eq
|
||
|
||
theorem refl {A : (Type U)} (a : A) : a = a
|
||
:= hrefl a
|
||
|
||
theorem heq_eq {A : (Type U)} (a b : A) : (a == b) = (a = b)
|
||
:= refl (a == b)
|
||
|
||
definition true : Bool
|
||
:= (λ x : Bool, x) = (λ x : Bool, x)
|
||
|
||
theorem trivial : true
|
||
:= refl (λ x : Bool, x)
|
||
|
||
set_opaque true true
|
||
|
||
definition false : Bool
|
||
:= ∀ x : Bool, x
|
||
|
||
alias ⊤ : true
|
||
alias ⊥ : false
|
||
|
||
definition not (a : Bool) := a → false
|
||
notation 40 ¬ _ : not
|
||
|
||
definition or (a b : Bool)
|
||
:= ∀ c : Bool, (a → c) → (b → c) → c
|
||
infixr 30 || : or
|
||
infixr 30 \/ : or
|
||
infixr 30 ∨ : or
|
||
|
||
definition and (a b : Bool)
|
||
:= ∀ c : Bool, (a → b → c) → c
|
||
infixr 35 && : and
|
||
infixr 35 /\ : and
|
||
infixr 35 ∧ : and
|
||
|
||
definition implies (a b : Bool) := a → b
|
||
|
||
definition neq {A : (Type U)} (a b : A) := ¬ (a = b)
|
||
infix 50 ≠ : neq
|
||
|
||
theorem a_neq_a_elim {A : (Type U)} {a : A} (H : a ≠ a) : false
|
||
:= H (refl a)
|
||
|
||
definition iff (a b : Bool) := a = b
|
||
infixr 25 <-> : iff
|
||
infixr 25 ↔ : iff
|
||
|
||
theorem not_intro {a : Bool} (H : a → false) : ¬ a
|
||
:= H
|
||
|
||
theorem absurd {a : Bool} (H1 : a) (H2 : ¬ a) : false
|
||
:= H2 H1
|
||
|
||
-- The Lean parser has special treatment for the constant exists.
|
||
-- It allows us to write
|
||
-- exists x y : A, P x y and ∃ x y : A, P x y
|
||
-- as syntax sugar for
|
||
-- exists A (fun x : A, exists A (fun y : A, P x y))
|
||
-- That is, it treats the exists as an extra binder such as fun and forall.
|
||
-- It also provides an alias (Exists) that should be used when we
|
||
-- want to treat exists as a constant.
|
||
definition Exists (A : (Type U)) (P : A → Bool)
|
||
:= ¬ (∀ x, ¬ (P x))
|
||
|
||
definition exists_unique {A : (Type U)} (p : A → Bool)
|
||
:= ∃ x, p x ∧ ∀ y, y ≠ x → ¬ p y
|
||
|
||
theorem false_elim (a : Bool) (H : false) : a
|
||
:= H a
|
||
|
||
set_opaque false true
|
||
|
||
theorem mt {a b : Bool} (H1 : a → b) (H2 : ¬ b) : ¬ a
|
||
:= assume Ha : a, absurd (H1 Ha) H2
|
||
|
||
theorem contrapos {a b : Bool} (H : a → b) : ¬ b → ¬ a
|
||
:= assume Hnb : ¬ b, mt H Hnb
|
||
|
||
theorem absurd_elim {a : Bool} (b : Bool) (H1 : a) (H2 : ¬ a) : b
|
||
:= false_elim b (absurd H1 H2)
|
||
|
||
theorem or_introl {a : Bool} (H : a) (b : Bool) : a ∨ b
|
||
:= take c : Bool,
|
||
assume (H1 : a → c) (H2 : b → c),
|
||
H1 H
|
||
|
||
theorem or_intror {b : Bool} (a : Bool) (H : b) : a ∨ b
|
||
:= take c : Bool,
|
||
assume (H1 : a → c) (H2 : b → c),
|
||
H2 H
|
||
|
||
theorem or_elim {a b c : Bool} (H1 : a ∨ b) (H2 : a → c) (H3 : b → c) : c
|
||
:= H1 c H2 H3
|
||
|
||
theorem resolve1 {a b : Bool} (H1 : a ∨ b) (H2 : ¬ a) : b
|
||
:= H1 b (assume Ha : a, absurd_elim b Ha H2) (assume Hb : b, Hb)
|
||
|
||
theorem resolve2 {a b : Bool} (H1 : a ∨ b) (H2 : ¬ b) : a
|
||
:= H1 a (assume Ha : a, Ha) (assume Hb : b, absurd_elim a Hb H2)
|
||
|
||
theorem or_flip {a b : Bool} (H : a ∨ b) : b ∨ a
|
||
:= take c : Bool,
|
||
assume (H1 : b → c) (H2 : a → c),
|
||
H c H2 H1
|
||
|
||
theorem and_intro {a b : Bool} (H1 : a) (H2 : b) : a ∧ b
|
||
:= take c : Bool,
|
||
assume H : a → b → c,
|
||
H H1 H2
|
||
|
||
theorem and_eliml {a b : Bool} (H : a ∧ b) : a
|
||
:= H a (assume (Ha : a) (Hb : b), Ha)
|
||
|
||
theorem and_elimr {a b : Bool} (H : a ∧ b) : b
|
||
:= H b (assume (Ha : a) (Hb : b), Hb)
|
||
|
||
axiom subst {A : (Type U)} {a b : A} {P : A → Bool} (H1 : P a) (H2 : a = b) : P b
|
||
|
||
-- Alias for subst where we provide P explicitly, but keep A,a,b implicit
|
||
theorem substp {A : (Type U)} {a b : A} (P : A → Bool) (H1 : P a) (H2 : a = b) : P b
|
||
:= subst H1 H2
|
||
|
||
theorem symm {A : (Type U)} {a b : A} (H : a = b) : b = a
|
||
:= subst (refl a) H
|
||
|
||
theorem trans {A : (Type U)} {a b c : A} (H1 : a = b) (H2 : b = c) : a = c
|
||
:= subst H1 H2
|
||
|
||
theorem hcongr1 {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} {f g : ∀ x, B x} (H : f = g) (a : A) : f a = g a
|
||
:= substp (fun h, f a = h a) (refl (f a)) H
|
||
|
||
theorem congr1 {A B : (Type U)} {f g : A → B} (H : f = g) (a : A) : f a = g a
|
||
:= hcongr1 H a
|
||
|
||
theorem congr2 {A B : (Type U)} {a b : A} (f : A → B) (H : a = b) : f a = f b
|
||
:= substp (fun x : A, f a = f x) (refl (f a)) H
|
||
|
||
theorem congr {A B : (Type U)} {f g : A → B} {a b : A} (H1 : f = g) (H2 : a = b) : f a = g b
|
||
:= subst (congr2 f H2) (congr1 H1 b)
|
||
|
||
theorem true_ne_false : ¬ true = false
|
||
:= assume H : true = false,
|
||
subst trivial H
|
||
|
||
theorem absurd_not_true (H : ¬ true) : false
|
||
:= absurd trivial H
|
||
|
||
theorem not_false_trivial : ¬ false
|
||
:= assume H : false, H
|
||
|
||
-- "equality modus pones"
|
||
theorem eqmp {a b : Bool} (H1 : a = b) (H2 : a) : b
|
||
:= subst H2 H1
|
||
|
||
infixl 100 <| : eqmp
|
||
infixl 100 ◂ : eqmp
|
||
|
||
theorem eqmpr {a b : Bool} (H1 : a = b) (H2 : b) : a
|
||
:= (symm H1) ◂ H2
|
||
|
||
theorem imp_trans {a b c : Bool} (H1 : a → b) (H2 : b → c) : a → c
|
||
:= assume Ha, H2 (H1 Ha)
|
||
|
||
theorem imp_eq_trans {a b c : Bool} (H1 : a → b) (H2 : b = c) : a → c
|
||
:= assume Ha, H2 ◂ (H1 Ha)
|
||
|
||
theorem eq_imp_trans {a b c : Bool} (H1 : a = b) (H2 : b → c) : a → c
|
||
:= assume Ha, H2 (H1 ◂ Ha)
|
||
|
||
theorem to_eq {A : (Type U)} {a b : A} (H : a == b) : a = b
|
||
:= (heq_eq a b) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
theorem to_heq {A : (Type U)} {a b : A} (H : a = b) : a == b
|
||
:= (symm (heq_eq a b)) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
theorem iff_eliml {a b : Bool} (H : a ↔ b) : a → b
|
||
:= (λ Ha : a, eqmp H Ha)
|
||
|
||
theorem iff_elimr {a b : Bool} (H : a ↔ b) : b → a
|
||
:= (λ Hb : b, eqmpr H Hb)
|
||
|
||
theorem ne_symm {A : (Type U)} {a b : A} (H : a ≠ b) : b ≠ a
|
||
:= assume H1 : b = a, H (symm H1)
|
||
|
||
theorem eq_ne_trans {A : (Type U)} {a b c : A} (H1 : a = b) (H2 : b ≠ c) : a ≠ c
|
||
:= subst H2 (symm H1)
|
||
|
||
theorem ne_eq_trans {A : (Type U)} {a b c : A} (H1 : a ≠ b) (H2 : b = c) : a ≠ c
|
||
:= subst H1 H2
|
||
|
||
theorem eqt_elim {a : Bool} (H : a = true) : a
|
||
:= (symm H) ◂ trivial
|
||
|
||
theorem eqf_elim {a : Bool} (H : a = false) : ¬ a
|
||
:= not_intro (λ Ha : a, H ◂ Ha)
|
||
|
||
theorem heqt_elim {a : Bool} (H : a == true) : a
|
||
:= eqt_elim (to_eq H)
|
||
|
||
axiom boolcomplete (a : Bool) : a = true ∨ a = false
|
||
|
||
theorem case (P : Bool → Bool) (H1 : P true) (H2 : P false) (a : Bool) : P a
|
||
:= or_elim (boolcomplete a)
|
||
(assume Ht : a = true, subst H1 (symm Ht))
|
||
(assume Hf : a = false, subst H2 (symm Hf))
|
||
|
||
theorem em (a : Bool) : a ∨ ¬ a
|
||
:= or_elim (boolcomplete a)
|
||
(assume Ht : a = true, or_introl (eqt_elim Ht) (¬ a))
|
||
(assume Hf : a = false, or_intror a (eqf_elim Hf))
|
||
|
||
theorem boolcomplete_swapped (a : Bool) : a = false ∨ a = true
|
||
:= case (λ x, x = false ∨ x = true)
|
||
(or_intror (true = false) (refl true))
|
||
(or_introl (refl false) (false = true))
|
||
a
|
||
|
||
theorem not_true : (¬ true) = false
|
||
:= let aux : ¬ (¬ true) = true
|
||
:= assume H : (¬ true) = true,
|
||
absurd_not_true (subst trivial (symm H))
|
||
in resolve1 (boolcomplete (¬ true)) aux
|
||
|
||
theorem not_false : (¬ false) = true
|
||
:= let aux : ¬ (¬ false) = false
|
||
:= assume H : (¬ false) = false,
|
||
subst not_false_trivial H
|
||
in resolve1 (boolcomplete_swapped (¬ false)) aux
|
||
|
||
add_rewrite not_true not_false
|
||
|
||
theorem not_not_eq (a : Bool) : (¬ ¬ a) = a
|
||
:= case (λ x, (¬ ¬ x) = x)
|
||
(calc (¬ ¬ true) = (¬ false) : { not_true }
|
||
... = true : not_false)
|
||
(calc (¬ ¬ false) = (¬ true) : { not_false }
|
||
... = false : not_true)
|
||
a
|
||
|
||
add_rewrite not_not_eq
|
||
|
||
theorem not_neq {A : (Type U)} (a b : A) : ¬ (a ≠ b) ↔ a = b
|
||
:= not_not_eq (a = b)
|
||
|
||
add_rewrite not_neq
|
||
|
||
theorem not_neq_elim {A : (Type U)} {a b : A} (H : ¬ (a ≠ b)) : a = b
|
||
:= (not_neq a b) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
theorem not_not_elim {a : Bool} (H : ¬ ¬ a) : a
|
||
:= (not_not_eq a) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
theorem not_imp_eliml {a b : Bool} (Hnab : ¬ (a → b)) : a
|
||
:= not_not_elim
|
||
(show ¬ ¬ a,
|
||
from assume Hna : ¬ a, absurd (assume Ha : a, absurd_elim b Ha Hna)
|
||
Hnab)
|
||
|
||
theorem not_imp_elimr {a b : Bool} (H : ¬ (a → b)) : ¬ b
|
||
:= assume Hb : b, absurd (assume Ha : a, Hb)
|
||
H
|
||
|
||
theorem boolext {a b : Bool} (Hab : a → b) (Hba : b → a) : a = b
|
||
:= or_elim (boolcomplete a)
|
||
(λ Hat : a = true, or_elim (boolcomplete b)
|
||
(λ Hbt : b = true, trans Hat (symm Hbt))
|
||
(λ Hbf : b = false, false_elim (a = b) (subst (Hab (eqt_elim Hat)) Hbf)))
|
||
(λ Haf : a = false, or_elim (boolcomplete b)
|
||
(λ Hbt : b = true, false_elim (a = b) (subst (Hba (eqt_elim Hbt)) Haf))
|
||
(λ Hbf : b = false, trans Haf (symm Hbf)))
|
||
|
||
-- Another name for boolext
|
||
theorem iff_intro {a b : Bool} (Hab : a → b) (Hba : b → a) : a ↔ b
|
||
:= boolext Hab Hba
|
||
|
||
theorem eqt_intro {a : Bool} (H : a) : a = true
|
||
:= boolext (assume H1 : a, trivial)
|
||
(assume H2 : true, H)
|
||
|
||
theorem eqf_intro {a : Bool} (H : ¬ a) : a = false
|
||
:= boolext (assume H1 : a, absurd H1 H)
|
||
(assume H2 : false, false_elim a H2)
|
||
|
||
theorem by_contradiction {a : Bool} (H : ¬ a → false) : a
|
||
:= or_elim (em a) (λ H1 : a, H1) (λ H1 : ¬ a, false_elim a (H H1))
|
||
|
||
theorem a_neq_a {A : (Type U)} (a : A) : (a ≠ a) ↔ false
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, a_neq_a_elim H)
|
||
(assume H, false_elim (a ≠ a) H)
|
||
|
||
theorem eq_id {A : (Type U)} (a : A) : (a = a) ↔ true
|
||
:= eqt_intro (refl a)
|
||
|
||
theorem iff_id (a : Bool) : (a ↔ a) ↔ true
|
||
:= eqt_intro (refl a)
|
||
|
||
theorem heq_id (A : (Type U+1)) (a : A) : (a == a) ↔ true
|
||
:= eqt_intro (hrefl a)
|
||
|
||
theorem neq_elim {A : (Type U)} {a b : A} (H : a ≠ b) : a = b ↔ false
|
||
:= eqf_intro H
|
||
|
||
theorem neq_to_not_eq {A : (Type U)} {a b : A} : a ≠ b ↔ ¬ a = b
|
||
:= refl (a ≠ b)
|
||
|
||
add_rewrite eq_id iff_id neq_to_not_eq
|
||
|
||
-- Remark: ordered rewriting + assoc + comm + left_comm sorts a term lexicographically
|
||
theorem left_comm {A : (Type U)} {R : A -> A -> A} (comm : ∀ x y, R x y = R y x) (assoc : ∀ x y z, R (R x y) z = R x (R y z)) :
|
||
∀ x y z, R x (R y z) = R y (R x z)
|
||
:= take x y z, calc R x (R y z) = R (R x y) z : symm (assoc x y z)
|
||
... = R (R y x) z : { comm x y }
|
||
... = R y (R x z) : assoc y x z
|
||
|
||
theorem or_comm (a b : Bool) : (a ∨ b) = (b ∨ a)
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, or_elim H (λ H1, or_intror b H1) (λ H2, or_introl H2 a))
|
||
(assume H, or_elim H (λ H1, or_intror a H1) (λ H2, or_introl H2 b))
|
||
|
||
theorem or_assoc (a b c : Bool) : (a ∨ b) ∨ c ↔ a ∨ (b ∨ c)
|
||
:= boolext (assume H : (a ∨ b) ∨ c,
|
||
or_elim H (λ H1 : a ∨ b, or_elim H1 (λ Ha : a, or_introl Ha (b ∨ c))
|
||
(λ Hb : b, or_intror a (or_introl Hb c)))
|
||
(λ Hc : c, or_intror a (or_intror b Hc)))
|
||
(assume H : a ∨ (b ∨ c),
|
||
or_elim H (λ Ha : a, (or_introl (or_introl Ha b) c))
|
||
(λ H1 : b ∨ c, or_elim H1 (λ Hb : b, or_introl (or_intror a Hb) c)
|
||
(λ Hc : c, or_intror (a ∨ b) Hc)))
|
||
|
||
theorem or_id (a : Bool) : a ∨ a ↔ a
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, or_elim H (λ H1, H1) (λ H2, H2))
|
||
(assume H, or_introl H a)
|
||
|
||
theorem or_falsel (a : Bool) : a ∨ false ↔ a
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, or_elim H (λ H1, H1) (λ H2, false_elim a H2))
|
||
(assume H, or_introl H false)
|
||
|
||
theorem or_falser (a : Bool) : false ∨ a ↔ a
|
||
:= trans (or_comm false a) (or_falsel a)
|
||
|
||
theorem or_truel (a : Bool) : true ∨ a ↔ true
|
||
:= boolext (assume H : true ∨ a, trivial)
|
||
(assume H : true, or_introl trivial a)
|
||
|
||
theorem or_truer (a : Bool) : a ∨ true ↔ true
|
||
:= trans (or_comm a true) (or_truel a)
|
||
|
||
theorem or_tauto (a : Bool) : a ∨ ¬ a ↔ true
|
||
:= eqt_intro (em a)
|
||
|
||
theorem or_left_comm (a b c : Bool) : a ∨ (b ∨ c) ↔ b ∨ (a ∨ c)
|
||
:= left_comm or_comm or_assoc a b c
|
||
|
||
add_rewrite or_comm or_assoc or_id or_falsel or_falser or_truel or_truer or_tauto or_left_comm
|
||
|
||
theorem and_comm (a b : Bool) : a ∧ b ↔ b ∧ a
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, and_intro (and_elimr H) (and_eliml H))
|
||
(assume H, and_intro (and_elimr H) (and_eliml H))
|
||
|
||
theorem and_id (a : Bool) : a ∧ a ↔ a
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, and_eliml H)
|
||
(assume H, and_intro H H)
|
||
|
||
theorem and_assoc (a b c : Bool) : (a ∧ b) ∧ c ↔ a ∧ (b ∧ c)
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, and_intro (and_eliml (and_eliml H)) (and_intro (and_elimr (and_eliml H)) (and_elimr H)))
|
||
(assume H, and_intro (and_intro (and_eliml H) (and_eliml (and_elimr H))) (and_elimr (and_elimr H)))
|
||
|
||
theorem and_truer (a : Bool) : a ∧ true ↔ a
|
||
:= boolext (assume H : a ∧ true, and_eliml H)
|
||
(assume H : a, and_intro H trivial)
|
||
|
||
theorem and_truel (a : Bool) : true ∧ a ↔ a
|
||
:= trans (and_comm true a) (and_truer a)
|
||
|
||
theorem and_falsel (a : Bool) : a ∧ false ↔ false
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, and_elimr H)
|
||
(assume H, false_elim (a ∧ false) H)
|
||
|
||
theorem and_falser (a : Bool) : false ∧ a ↔ false
|
||
:= trans (and_comm false a) (and_falsel a)
|
||
|
||
theorem and_absurd (a : Bool) : a ∧ ¬ a ↔ false
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, absurd (and_eliml H) (and_elimr H))
|
||
(assume H, false_elim (a ∧ ¬ a) H)
|
||
|
||
theorem and_left_comm (a b c : Bool) : a ∧ (b ∧ c) ↔ b ∧ (a ∧ c)
|
||
:= left_comm and_comm and_assoc a b c
|
||
|
||
add_rewrite and_comm and_assoc and_id and_falsel and_falser and_truel and_truer and_absurd and_left_comm
|
||
|
||
theorem imp_truer (a : Bool) : (a → true) ↔ true
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, trivial)
|
||
(assume H Ha, trivial)
|
||
|
||
theorem imp_truel (a : Bool) : (true → a) ↔ a
|
||
:= boolext (assume H : true → a, H trivial)
|
||
(assume Ha H, Ha)
|
||
|
||
theorem imp_falser (a : Bool) : (a → false) ↔ ¬ a
|
||
:= refl _
|
||
|
||
theorem imp_falsel (a : Bool) : (false → a) ↔ true
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, trivial)
|
||
(assume H Hf, false_elim a Hf)
|
||
|
||
theorem imp_id (a : Bool) : (a → a) ↔ true
|
||
:= eqt_intro (λ H : a, H)
|
||
|
||
add_rewrite imp_truer imp_truel imp_falser imp_falsel imp_id
|
||
|
||
theorem imp_or (a b : Bool) : (a → b) ↔ ¬ a ∨ b
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume H : a → b,
|
||
(or_elim (em a)
|
||
(λ Ha : a, or_intror (¬ a) (H Ha))
|
||
(λ Hna : ¬ a, or_introl Hna b)))
|
||
(assume H : ¬ a ∨ b,
|
||
assume Ha : a,
|
||
resolve1 H ((symm (not_not_eq a)) ◂ Ha))
|
||
|
||
theorem or_imp (a b : Bool) : a ∨ b ↔ (¬ a → b)
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume H : a ∨ b,
|
||
(or_elim H
|
||
(assume (Ha : a) (Hna : ¬ a), absurd_elim b Ha Hna)
|
||
(assume (Hb : b) (Hna : ¬ a), Hb)))
|
||
(assume H : ¬ a → b,
|
||
(or_elim (em a)
|
||
(assume Ha : a, or_introl Ha b)
|
||
(assume Hna : ¬ a, or_intror a (H Hna))))
|
||
|
||
theorem not_congr {a b : Bool} (H : a ↔ b) : ¬ a ↔ ¬ b
|
||
:= congr2 not H
|
||
|
||
-- Recall that exists is defined as ¬ ∀ x : A, ¬ P x
|
||
theorem exists_elim {A : (Type U)} {P : A → Bool} {B : Bool} (H1 : Exists A P) (H2 : ∀ (a : A) (H : P a), B) : B
|
||
:= by_contradiction (assume R : ¬ B,
|
||
absurd (take a : A, mt (assume H : P a, H2 a H) R)
|
||
H1)
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_intro {A : (Type U)} {P : A → Bool} (a : A) (H : P a) : Exists A P
|
||
:= assume H1 : (∀ x : A, ¬ P x),
|
||
absurd H (H1 a)
|
||
|
||
theorem not_exists (A : (Type U)) (P : A → Bool) : ¬ (∃ x : A, P x) ↔ (∀ x : A, ¬ P x)
|
||
:= calc (¬ ∃ x : A, P x) = ¬ ¬ ∀ x : A, ¬ P x : refl (¬ ∃ x : A, P x)
|
||
... = ∀ x : A, ¬ P x : not_not_eq (∀ x : A, ¬ P x)
|
||
|
||
theorem not_exists_elim {A : (Type U)} {P : A → Bool} (H : ¬ ∃ x : A, P x) : ∀ x : A, ¬ P x
|
||
:= (not_exists A P) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_unfold1 {A : (Type U)} {P : A → Bool} (a : A) (H : ∃ x : A, P x) : P a ∨ (∃ x : A, x ≠ a ∧ P x)
|
||
:= exists_elim H
|
||
(λ (w : A) (H1 : P w),
|
||
or_elim (em (w = a))
|
||
(λ Heq : w = a, or_introl (subst H1 Heq) (∃ x : A, x ≠ a ∧ P x))
|
||
(λ Hne : w ≠ a, or_intror (P a) (exists_intro w (and_intro Hne H1))))
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_unfold2 {A : (Type U)} {P : A → Bool} (a : A) (H : P a ∨ (∃ x : A, x ≠ a ∧ P x)) : ∃ x : A, P x
|
||
:= or_elim H
|
||
(λ H1 : P a, exists_intro a H1)
|
||
(λ H2 : (∃ x : A, x ≠ a ∧ P x),
|
||
exists_elim H2
|
||
(λ (w : A) (Hw : w ≠ a ∧ P w),
|
||
exists_intro w (and_elimr Hw)))
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_unfold {A : (Type U)} (P : A → Bool) (a : A) : (∃ x : A, P x) ↔ (P a ∨ (∃ x : A, x ≠ a ∧ P x))
|
||
:= boolext (assume H : (∃ x : A, P x), exists_unfold1 a H)
|
||
(assume H : (P a ∨ (∃ x : A, x ≠ a ∧ P x)), exists_unfold2 a H)
|
||
|
||
definition inhabited (A : (Type U))
|
||
:= ∃ x : A, true
|
||
|
||
-- If we have an element of type A, then A is inhabited
|
||
theorem inhabited_intro {A : (Type U)} (a : A) : inhabited A
|
||
:= assume H : (∀ x, ¬ true), absurd_not_true (H a)
|
||
|
||
theorem inhabited_elim {A : (Type U)} (H1 : inhabited A) {B : Bool} (H2 : A → B) : B
|
||
:= obtain (w : A) (Hw : true), from H1,
|
||
H2 w
|
||
|
||
theorem inhabited_ex_intro {A : (Type U)} {P : A → Bool} (H : ∃ x, P x) : inhabited A
|
||
:= obtain (w : A) (Hw : P w), from H,
|
||
exists_intro w trivial
|
||
|
||
-- If a function space is non-empty, then for every 'a' in the domain, the range (B a) is not empty
|
||
theorem inhabited_range {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} (H : inhabited (∀ x, B x)) (a : A) : inhabited (B a)
|
||
:= by_contradiction (assume N : ¬ inhabited (B a),
|
||
let s1 : ¬ ∃ x : B a, true := N,
|
||
s2 : ∀ x : B a, false := take x : B a, absurd_not_true (not_exists_elim s1 x),
|
||
s3 : ∃ y : (∀ x, B x), true := H
|
||
in obtain (w : (∀ x, B x)) (Hw : true), from s3,
|
||
let s4 : B a := w a
|
||
in s2 s4)
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_rem {A : (Type U)} (H : inhabited A) (p : Bool) : (∃ x : A, p) ↔ p
|
||
:= iff_intro
|
||
(assume Hl : (∃ x : A, p),
|
||
obtain (w : A) (Hw : p), from Hl,
|
||
Hw)
|
||
(assume Hr : p,
|
||
inhabited_elim H (λ w, exists_intro w Hr))
|
||
|
||
theorem forall_rem {A : (Type U)} (H : inhabited A) (p : Bool) : (∀ x : A, p) ↔ p
|
||
:= iff_intro
|
||
(assume Hl : (∀ x : A, p),
|
||
inhabited_elim H (λ w, Hl w))
|
||
(assume Hr : p,
|
||
take x, Hr)
|
||
|
||
|
||
theorem not_and (a b : Bool) : ¬ (a ∧ b) ↔ ¬ a ∨ ¬ b
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, or_elim (em a)
|
||
(assume Ha, or_elim (em b)
|
||
(assume Hb, absurd_elim (¬ a ∨ ¬ b) (and_intro Ha Hb) H)
|
||
(assume Hnb, or_intror (¬ a) Hnb))
|
||
(assume Hna, or_introl Hna (¬ b)))
|
||
(assume (H : ¬ a ∨ ¬ b) (N : a ∧ b),
|
||
or_elim H
|
||
(assume Hna, absurd (and_eliml N) Hna)
|
||
(assume Hnb, absurd (and_elimr N) Hnb))
|
||
|
||
theorem not_and_elim {a b : Bool} (H : ¬ (a ∧ b)) : ¬ a ∨ ¬ b
|
||
:= (not_and a b) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
theorem not_or (a b : Bool) : ¬ (a ∨ b) ↔ ¬ a ∧ ¬ b
|
||
:= boolext (assume H, or_elim (em a)
|
||
(assume Ha, absurd_elim (¬ a ∧ ¬ b) (or_introl Ha b) H)
|
||
(assume Hna, or_elim (em b)
|
||
(assume Hb, absurd_elim (¬ a ∧ ¬ b) (or_intror a Hb) H)
|
||
(assume Hnb, and_intro Hna Hnb)))
|
||
(assume (H : ¬ a ∧ ¬ b) (N : a ∨ b),
|
||
or_elim N
|
||
(assume Ha, absurd Ha (and_eliml H))
|
||
(assume Hb, absurd Hb (and_elimr H)))
|
||
|
||
theorem not_or_elim {a b : Bool} (H : ¬ (a ∨ b)) : ¬ a ∧ ¬ b
|
||
:= (not_or a b) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
theorem not_implies (a b : Bool) : ¬ (a → b) ↔ a ∧ ¬ b
|
||
:= calc (¬ (a → b)) = ¬ (¬ a ∨ b) : { imp_or a b }
|
||
... = ¬ ¬ a ∧ ¬ b : not_or (¬ a) b
|
||
... = a ∧ ¬ b : congr2 (λ x, x ∧ ¬ b) (not_not_eq a)
|
||
|
||
theorem and_imp (a b : Bool) : a ∧ b ↔ ¬ (a → ¬ b)
|
||
:= have H1 : a ∧ ¬ ¬ b ↔ ¬ (a → ¬ b),
|
||
from symm (not_implies a (¬ b)),
|
||
subst H1 (not_not_eq b)
|
||
|
||
theorem not_implies_elim {a b : Bool} (H : ¬ (a → b)) : a ∧ ¬ b
|
||
:= (not_implies a b) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
theorem a_eq_not_a (a : Bool) : (a = ¬ a) ↔ false
|
||
:= boolext (λ H, or_elim (em a)
|
||
(λ Ha, absurd Ha (subst Ha H))
|
||
(λ Hna, absurd (subst Hna (symm H)) Hna))
|
||
(λ H, false_elim (a = ¬ a) H)
|
||
|
||
theorem a_iff_not_a (a : Bool) : (a ↔ ¬ a) ↔ false
|
||
:= a_eq_not_a a
|
||
|
||
theorem true_eq_false : (true = false) ↔ false
|
||
:= subst (a_eq_not_a true) not_true
|
||
|
||
theorem true_iff_false : (true ↔ false) ↔ false
|
||
:= true_eq_false
|
||
|
||
theorem false_eq_true : (false = true) ↔ false
|
||
:= subst (a_eq_not_a false) not_false
|
||
|
||
theorem false_iff_true : (false ↔ true) ↔ false
|
||
:= false_eq_true
|
||
|
||
theorem a_iff_true (a : Bool) : (a ↔ true) ↔ a
|
||
:= boolext (λ H, eqt_elim H)
|
||
(λ H, eqt_intro H)
|
||
|
||
theorem a_iff_false (a : Bool) : (a ↔ false) ↔ ¬ a
|
||
:= boolext (λ H, eqf_elim H)
|
||
(λ H, eqf_intro H)
|
||
|
||
add_rewrite a_eq_not_a a_iff_not_a true_eq_false true_iff_false false_eq_true false_iff_true a_iff_true a_iff_false
|
||
|
||
theorem not_iff (a b : Bool) : ¬ (a ↔ b) ↔ (¬ a ↔ b)
|
||
:= or_elim (em b)
|
||
(λ Hb, calc (¬ (a ↔ b)) = (¬ (a ↔ true)) : { eqt_intro Hb }
|
||
... = ¬ a : { a_iff_true a }
|
||
... = ¬ a ↔ true : { symm (a_iff_true (¬ a)) }
|
||
... = ¬ a ↔ b : { symm (eqt_intro Hb) })
|
||
(λ Hnb, calc (¬ (a ↔ b)) = (¬ (a ↔ false)) : { eqf_intro Hnb }
|
||
... = ¬ ¬ a : { a_iff_false a }
|
||
... = ¬ a ↔ false : { symm (a_iff_false (¬ a)) }
|
||
... = ¬ a ↔ b : { symm (eqf_intro Hnb) })
|
||
|
||
theorem not_iff_elim {a b : Bool} (H : ¬ (a ↔ b)) : (¬ a) ↔ b
|
||
:= (not_iff a b) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
|
||
-- Congruence theorems for contextual simplification
|
||
|
||
-- Simplify a → b, by first simplifying a to c using the fact that ¬ b is true, and then
|
||
-- b to d using the fact that c is true
|
||
theorem imp_congrr {a b c d : Bool} (H_ac : ∀ (H_nb : ¬ b), a = c) (H_bd : ∀ (H_c : c), b = d) : (a → b) = (c → d)
|
||
:= or_elim (em b)
|
||
(λ H_b : b,
|
||
or_elim (em c)
|
||
(λ H_c : c,
|
||
calc (a → b) = (a → true) : { eqt_intro H_b }
|
||
... = true : imp_truer a
|
||
... = (c → true) : symm (imp_truer c)
|
||
... = (c → b) : { symm (eqt_intro H_b) }
|
||
... = (c → d) : { H_bd H_c })
|
||
(λ H_nc : ¬ c,
|
||
calc (a → b) = (a → true) : { eqt_intro H_b }
|
||
... = true : imp_truer a
|
||
... = (false → d) : symm (imp_falsel d)
|
||
... = (c → d) : { symm (eqf_intro H_nc) }))
|
||
(λ H_nb : ¬ b,
|
||
or_elim (em c)
|
||
(λ H_c : c,
|
||
calc (a → b) = (c → b) : { H_ac H_nb }
|
||
... = (c → d) : { H_bd H_c })
|
||
(λ H_nc : ¬ c,
|
||
calc (a → b) = (c → b) : { H_ac H_nb }
|
||
... = (false → b) : { eqf_intro H_nc }
|
||
... = true : imp_falsel b
|
||
... = (false → d) : symm (imp_falsel d)
|
||
... = (c → d) : { symm (eqf_intro H_nc) }))
|
||
|
||
|
||
-- Simplify a → b, by first simplifying b to d using the fact that a is true, and then
|
||
-- b to d using the fact that ¬ d is true.
|
||
-- This kind of congruence seems to be useful in very rare cases.
|
||
theorem imp_congrl {a b c d : Bool} (H_bd : ∀ (H_a : a), b = d) (H_ac : ∀ (H_nd : ¬ d), a = c) : (a → b) = (c → d)
|
||
:= or_elim (em a)
|
||
(λ H_a : a,
|
||
or_elim (em d)
|
||
(λ H_d : d,
|
||
calc (a → b) = (a → d) : { H_bd H_a }
|
||
... = (a → true) : { eqt_intro H_d }
|
||
... = true : imp_truer a
|
||
... = (c → true) : symm (imp_truer c)
|
||
... = (c → d) : { symm (eqt_intro H_d) })
|
||
(λ H_nd : ¬ d,
|
||
calc (a → b) = (c → b) : { H_ac H_nd }
|
||
... = (c → d) : { H_bd H_a }))
|
||
(λ H_na : ¬ a,
|
||
or_elim (em d)
|
||
(λ H_d : d,
|
||
calc (a → b) = (false → b) : { eqf_intro H_na }
|
||
... = true : imp_falsel b
|
||
... = (c → true) : symm (imp_truer c)
|
||
... = (c → d) : { symm (eqt_intro H_d) })
|
||
(λ H_nd : ¬ d,
|
||
calc (a → b) = (false → b) : { eqf_intro H_na }
|
||
... = true : imp_falsel b
|
||
... = (false → d) : symm (imp_falsel d)
|
||
... = (a → d) : { symm (eqf_intro H_na) }
|
||
... = (c → d) : { H_ac H_nd }))
|
||
|
||
-- (Common case) simplify a to c, and then b to d using the fact that c is true
|
||
theorem imp_congr {a b c d : Bool} (H_ac : a = c) (H_bd : ∀ (H_c : c), b = d) : (a → b) = (c → d)
|
||
:= imp_congrr (λ H, H_ac) H_bd
|
||
|
||
theorem or_congrr {a b c d : Bool} (H_ac : ∀ (H_nb : ¬ b), a = c) (H_bd : ∀ (H_nc : ¬ c), b = d) : a ∨ b ↔ c ∨ d
|
||
:= have H1 : (¬ a → b) ↔ (¬ c → d),
|
||
from imp_congrr (λ H_nb : ¬ b, congr2 not (H_ac H_nb)) H_bd,
|
||
calc (a ∨ b) = (¬ a → b) : or_imp _ _
|
||
... = (¬ c → d) : H1
|
||
... = c ∨ d : symm (or_imp _ _)
|
||
|
||
theorem or_congrl {a b c d : Bool} (H_bd : ∀ (H_na : ¬ a), b = d) (H_ac : ∀ (H_nd : ¬ d), a = c) : a ∨ b ↔ c ∨ d
|
||
:= have H1 : (¬ a → b) ↔ (¬ c → d),
|
||
from imp_congrl H_bd (λ H_nd : ¬ d, congr2 not (H_ac H_nd)),
|
||
calc (a ∨ b) = (¬ a → b) : or_imp _ _
|
||
... = (¬ c → d) : H1
|
||
... = c ∨ d : symm (or_imp _ _)
|
||
-- (Common case) simplify a to c, and then b to d using the fact that ¬ c is true
|
||
theorem or_congr {a b c d : Bool} (H_ac : a = c) (H_bd : ∀ (H_nc : ¬ c), b = d) : a ∨ b ↔ c ∨ d
|
||
:= or_congrr (λ H, H_ac) H_bd
|
||
|
||
theorem and_congrr {a b c d : Bool} (H_ac : ∀ (H_b : b), a = c) (H_bd : ∀ (H_c : c), b = d) : a ∧ b ↔ c ∧ d
|
||
:= have H1 : ¬ (a → ¬ b) ↔ ¬ (c → ¬ d),
|
||
from congr2 not (imp_congrr (λ (H_nnb : ¬ ¬ b), H_ac (not_not_elim H_nnb)) (λ H_c : c, congr2 not (H_bd H_c))),
|
||
calc (a ∧ b) = ¬ (a → ¬ b) : and_imp _ _
|
||
... = ¬ (c → ¬ d) : H1
|
||
... = c ∧ d : symm (and_imp _ _)
|
||
|
||
theorem and_congrl {a b c d : Bool} (H_bd : ∀ (H_a : a), b = d) (H_ac : ∀ (H_d : d), a = c) : a ∧ b ↔ c ∧ d
|
||
:= have H1 : ¬ (a → ¬ b) ↔ ¬ (c → ¬ d),
|
||
from congr2 not (imp_congrl (λ H_a : a, congr2 not (H_bd H_a)) (λ (H_nnd : ¬ ¬ d), H_ac (not_not_elim H_nnd))),
|
||
calc (a ∧ b) = ¬ (a → ¬ b) : and_imp _ _
|
||
... = ¬ (c → ¬ d) : H1
|
||
... = c ∧ d : symm (and_imp _ _)
|
||
|
||
-- (Common case) simplify a to c, and then b to d using the fact that c is true
|
||
theorem and_congr {a b c d : Bool} (H_ac : a = c) (H_bd : ∀ (H_c : c), b = d) : a ∧ b ↔ c ∧ d
|
||
:= and_congrr (λ H, H_ac) H_bd
|
||
|
||
theorem forall_or_distributer {A : (Type U)} (p : Bool) (φ : A → Bool) : (∀ x, p ∨ φ x) = (p ∨ ∀ x, φ x)
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume H : (∀ x, p ∨ φ x),
|
||
or_elim (em p)
|
||
(λ Hp : p, or_introl Hp (∀ x, φ x))
|
||
(λ Hnp : ¬ p, or_intror p (take x,
|
||
resolve1 (H x) Hnp)))
|
||
(assume H : (p ∨ ∀ x, φ x),
|
||
take x,
|
||
or_elim H
|
||
(λ H1 : p, or_introl H1 (φ x))
|
||
(λ H2 : (∀ x, φ x), or_intror p (H2 x)))
|
||
|
||
theorem forall_or_distributel {A : Type} (p : Bool) (φ : A → Bool) : (∀ x, φ x ∨ p) = ((∀ x, φ x) ∨ p)
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume H : (∀ x, φ x ∨ p),
|
||
or_elim (em p)
|
||
(λ Hp : p, or_intror (∀ x, φ x) Hp)
|
||
(λ Hnp : ¬ p, or_introl (take x, resolve2 (H x) Hnp) p))
|
||
(assume H : (∀ x, φ x) ∨ p,
|
||
take x,
|
||
or_elim H
|
||
(λ H1 : (∀ x, φ x), or_introl (H1 x) p)
|
||
(λ H2 : p, or_intror (φ x) H2))
|
||
|
||
theorem forall_and_distribute {A : (Type U)} (φ ψ : A → Bool) : (∀ x, φ x ∧ ψ x) ↔ (∀ x, φ x) ∧ (∀ x, ψ x)
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume H : (∀ x, φ x ∧ ψ x),
|
||
and_intro (take x, and_eliml (H x)) (take x, and_elimr (H x)))
|
||
(assume H : (∀ x, φ x) ∧ (∀ x, ψ x),
|
||
take x, and_intro (and_eliml H x) (and_elimr H x))
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_and_distributer {A : (Type U)} (p : Bool) (φ : A → Bool) : (∃ x, p ∧ φ x) ↔ p ∧ ∃ x, φ x
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume H : (∃ x, p ∧ φ x),
|
||
obtain (w : A) (Hw : p ∧ φ w), from H,
|
||
and_intro (and_eliml Hw) (exists_intro w (and_elimr Hw)))
|
||
(assume H : (p ∧ ∃ x, φ x),
|
||
obtain (w : A) (Hw : φ w), from (and_elimr H),
|
||
exists_intro w (and_intro (and_eliml H) Hw))
|
||
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_or_distribute {A : (Type U)} (φ ψ : A → Bool) : (∃ x, φ x ∨ ψ x) ↔ (∃ x, φ x) ∨ (∃ x, ψ x)
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume H : (∃ x, φ x ∨ ψ x),
|
||
obtain (w : A) (Hw : φ w ∨ ψ w), from H,
|
||
or_elim Hw
|
||
(λ Hw1 : φ w, or_introl (exists_intro w Hw1) (∃ x, ψ x))
|
||
(λ Hw2 : ψ w, or_intror (∃ x, φ x) (exists_intro w Hw2)))
|
||
(assume H : (∃ x, φ x) ∨ (∃ x, ψ x),
|
||
or_elim H
|
||
(λ H1 : (∃ x, φ x),
|
||
obtain (w : A) (Hw : φ w), from H1,
|
||
exists_intro w (or_introl Hw (ψ w)))
|
||
(λ H2 : (∃ x, ψ x),
|
||
obtain (w : A) (Hw : ψ w), from H2,
|
||
exists_intro w (or_intror (φ w) Hw)))
|
||
|
||
theorem eq_exists_intro {A : (Type U)} {P Q : A → Bool} (H : ∀ x : A, P x ↔ Q x) : (∃ x : A, P x) ↔ (∃ x : A, Q x)
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume Hex, obtain w Pw, from Hex, exists_intro w ((H w) ◂ Pw))
|
||
(assume Hex, obtain w Qw, from Hex, exists_intro w ((symm (H w)) ◂ Qw))
|
||
|
||
theorem not_forall (A : (Type U)) (P : A → Bool) : ¬ (∀ x : A, P x) ↔ (∃ x : A, ¬ P x)
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume H, by_contradiction (assume N : ¬ (∃ x, ¬ P x),
|
||
absurd (take x, not_not_elim (not_exists_elim N x)) H))
|
||
(assume (H : ∃ x, ¬ P x) (N : ∀ x, P x),
|
||
obtain w Hw, from H,
|
||
absurd (N w) Hw)
|
||
|
||
theorem not_forall_elim {A : (Type U)} {P : A → Bool} (H : ¬ (∀ x : A, P x)) : ∃ x : A, ¬ P x
|
||
:= (not_forall A P) ◂ H
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_and_distributel {A : (Type U)} (p : Bool) (φ : A → Bool) : (∃ x, φ x ∧ p) ↔ (∃ x, φ x) ∧ p
|
||
:= calc (∃ x, φ x ∧ p) = (∃ x, p ∧ φ x) : eq_exists_intro (λ x, and_comm (φ x) p)
|
||
... = (p ∧ (∃ x, φ x)) : exists_and_distributer p φ
|
||
... = ((∃ x, φ x) ∧ p) : and_comm p (∃ x, φ x)
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_imp_distribute {A : (Type U)} (φ ψ : A → Bool) : (∃ x, φ x → ψ x) ↔ ((∀ x, φ x) → (∃ x, ψ x))
|
||
:= calc (∃ x, φ x → ψ x) = (∃ x, ¬ φ x ∨ ψ x) : eq_exists_intro (λ x, imp_or (φ x) (ψ x))
|
||
... = (∃ x, ¬ φ x) ∨ (∃ x, ψ x) : exists_or_distribute _ _
|
||
... = ¬ (∀ x, φ x) ∨ (∃ x, ψ x) : { symm (not_forall A φ) }
|
||
... = (∀ x, φ x) → (∃ x, ψ x) : symm (imp_or _ _)
|
||
|
||
theorem forall_uninhabited {A : (Type U)} {B : A → Bool} (H : ¬ inhabited A) : ∀ x, B x
|
||
:= by_contradiction (assume N : ¬ (∀ x, B x),
|
||
obtain w Hw, from not_forall_elim N,
|
||
absurd (inhabited_intro w) H)
|
||
|
||
theorem allext {A : (Type U)} {B C : A → Bool} (H : ∀ x : A, B x = C x) : (∀ x : A, B x) = (∀ x : A, C x)
|
||
:= boolext
|
||
(assume Hl, take x, (H x) ◂ (Hl x))
|
||
(assume Hr, take x, (symm (H x)) ◂ (Hr x))
|
||
|
||
theorem proj1_congr {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} {a b : sig x, B x} (H : a = b) : proj1 a = proj1 b
|
||
:= subst (refl (proj1 a)) H
|
||
|
||
theorem proj2_congr {A B : (Type U)} {a b : A # B} (H : a = b) : proj2 a = proj2 b
|
||
:= subst (refl (proj2 a)) H
|
||
|
||
theorem hproj2_congr {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} {a b : sig x, B x} (H : a = b) : proj2 a == proj2 b
|
||
:= subst (hrefl (proj2 a)) H
|
||
|
||
-- Up to this point, we proved all theorems using just reflexivity, substitution and case (proof by cases)
|
||
|
||
-- Function extensionality
|
||
axiom funext {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} {f g : ∀ x : A, B x} (H : ∀ x : A, f x = g x) : f = g
|
||
|
||
-- Eta is a consequence of function extensionality
|
||
theorem eta {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} (f : ∀ x : A, B x) : (λ x : A, f x) = f
|
||
:= funext (λ x : A, refl (f x))
|
||
|
||
-- Epsilon (Hilbert's operator)
|
||
variable eps {A : (Type U)} (H : inhabited A) (P : A → Bool) : A
|
||
alias ε : eps
|
||
axiom eps_ax {A : (Type U)} (H : inhabited A) {P : A → Bool} (a : A) : P a → P (ε H P)
|
||
|
||
theorem eps_th {A : (Type U)} {P : A → Bool} (a : A) : P a → P (ε (inhabited_intro a) P)
|
||
:= assume H : P a, @eps_ax A (inhabited_intro a) P a H
|
||
|
||
theorem eps_singleton {A : (Type U)} (H : inhabited A) (a : A) : ε H (λ x, x = a) = a
|
||
:= let P := λ x, x = a,
|
||
Ha : P a := refl a
|
||
in eps_ax H a Ha
|
||
|
||
-- A function space (∀ x : A, B x) is inhabited if forall a : A, we have inhabited (B a)
|
||
theorem inhabited_dfun {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} (Hn : ∀ a, inhabited (B a)) : inhabited (∀ x, B x)
|
||
:= inhabited_intro (λ x, ε (Hn x) (λ y, true))
|
||
|
||
theorem inhabited_fun (A : (Type U)) {B : (Type U)} (H : inhabited B) : inhabited (A → B)
|
||
:= inhabited_intro (λ x, ε H (λ y, true))
|
||
|
||
theorem exists_to_eps {A : (Type U)} {P : A → Bool} (H : ∃ x, P x) : P (ε (inhabited_ex_intro H) P)
|
||
:= obtain (w : A) (Hw : P w), from H,
|
||
@eps_ax _ (inhabited_ex_intro H) P w Hw
|
||
|
||
theorem axiom_of_choice {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} {R : ∀ x : A, B x → Bool} (H : ∀ x, ∃ y, R x y) : ∃ f, ∀ x, R x (f x)
|
||
:= exists_intro
|
||
(λ x, ε (inhabited_ex_intro (H x)) (λ y, R x y)) -- witness for f
|
||
(λ x, exists_to_eps (H x)) -- proof that witness satisfies ∀ x, R x (f x)
|
||
|
||
theorem skolem_th {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} {P : ∀ x : A, B x → Bool} :
|
||
(∀ x, ∃ y, P x y) ↔ ∃ f, (∀ x, P x (f x))
|
||
:= iff_intro
|
||
(λ H : (∀ x, ∃ y, P x y), @axiom_of_choice _ _ P H)
|
||
(λ H : (∃ f, (∀ x, P x (f x))),
|
||
take x, obtain (fw : ∀ x, B x) (Hw : ∀ x, P x (fw x)), from H,
|
||
exists_intro (fw x) (Hw x))
|
||
|
||
-- if-then-else expression, we define it using Hilbert's operator
|
||
definition ite {A : (Type U)} (c : Bool) (a b : A) : A
|
||
:= ε (inhabited_intro a) (λ r, (c → r = a) ∧ (¬ c → r = b))
|
||
notation 45 if _ then _ else _ : ite
|
||
|
||
theorem if_true {A : (Type U)} (a b : A) : (if true then a else b) = a
|
||
:= calc (if true then a else b) = ε (inhabited_intro a) (λ r, (true → r = a) ∧ (¬ true → r = b)) : refl (if true then a else b)
|
||
... = ε (inhabited_intro a) (λ r, r = a) : by simp
|
||
... = a : eps_singleton (inhabited_intro a) a
|
||
|
||
theorem if_false {A : (Type U)} (a b : A) : (if false then a else b) = b
|
||
:= calc (if false then a else b) = ε (inhabited_intro a) (λ r, (false → r = a) ∧ (¬ false → r = b)) : refl (if false then a else b)
|
||
... = ε (inhabited_intro a) (λ r, r = b) : by simp
|
||
... = b : eps_singleton (inhabited_intro a) b
|
||
|
||
theorem if_a_a {A : (Type U)} (c : Bool) (a: A) : (if c then a else a) = a
|
||
:= or_elim (em c)
|
||
(λ H : c, calc (if c then a else a) = (if true then a else a) : { eqt_intro H }
|
||
... = a : if_true a a)
|
||
(λ H : ¬ c, calc (if c then a else a) = (if false then a else a) : { eqf_intro H }
|
||
... = a : if_false a a)
|
||
|
||
add_rewrite if_true if_false if_a_a
|
||
|
||
theorem if_congr {A : (Type U)} {b c : Bool} {x y u v : A} (H_bc : b = c)
|
||
(H_xu : ∀ (H_c : c), x = u) (H_yv : ∀ (H_nc : ¬ c), y = v) :
|
||
(if b then x else y) = if c then u else v
|
||
:= or_elim (em c)
|
||
(λ H_c : c, calc
|
||
(if b then x else y) = if c then x else y : { H_bc }
|
||
... = if true then x else y : { eqt_intro H_c }
|
||
... = x : if_true _ _
|
||
... = u : H_xu H_c
|
||
... = if true then u else v : symm (if_true _ _)
|
||
... = if c then u else v : { symm (eqt_intro H_c) })
|
||
(λ H_nc : ¬ c, calc
|
||
(if b then x else y) = if c then x else y : { H_bc }
|
||
... = if false then x else y : { eqf_intro H_nc }
|
||
... = y : if_false _ _
|
||
... = v : H_yv H_nc
|
||
... = if false then u else v : symm (if_false _ _)
|
||
... = if c then u else v : { symm (eqf_intro H_nc) })
|
||
|
||
theorem if_imp_then {a b c : Bool} (H : if a then b else c) : a → b
|
||
:= assume Ha : a, eqt_elim (calc b = if true then b else c : symm (if_true b c)
|
||
... = if a then b else c : { symm (eqt_intro Ha) }
|
||
... = true : eqt_intro H)
|
||
|
||
theorem if_imp_else {a b c : Bool} (H : if a then b else c) : ¬ a → c
|
||
:= assume Hna : ¬ a, eqt_elim (calc c = if false then b else c : symm (if_false b c)
|
||
... = if a then b else c : { symm (eqf_intro Hna) }
|
||
... = true : eqt_intro H)
|
||
|
||
theorem app_if_distribute {A B : (Type U)} (c : Bool) (f : A → B) (a b : A) : f (if c then a else b) = if c then f a else f b
|
||
:= or_elim (em c)
|
||
(λ Hc : c , calc
|
||
f (if c then a else b) = f (if true then a else b) : { eqt_intro Hc }
|
||
... = f a : { if_true a b }
|
||
... = if true then f a else f b : symm (if_true (f a) (f b))
|
||
... = if c then f a else f b : { symm (eqt_intro Hc) })
|
||
(λ Hnc : ¬ c, calc
|
||
f (if c then a else b) = f (if false then a else b) : { eqf_intro Hnc }
|
||
... = f b : { if_false a b }
|
||
... = if false then f a else f b : symm (if_false (f a) (f b))
|
||
... = if c then f a else f b : { symm (eqf_intro Hnc) })
|
||
|
||
theorem eq_if_distributer {A : (Type U)} (c : Bool) (a b v : A) : (v = (if c then a else b)) = if c then v = a else v = b
|
||
:= app_if_distribute c (eq v) a b
|
||
|
||
theorem eq_if_distributel {A : (Type U)} (c : Bool) (a b v : A) : ((if c then a else b) = v) = if c then a = v else b = v
|
||
:= app_if_distribute c (λ x, x = v) a b
|
||
|
||
set_opaque exists true
|
||
set_opaque not true
|
||
set_opaque or true
|
||
set_opaque and true
|
||
set_opaque implies true
|
||
set_opaque ite true
|
||
set_opaque eq true
|
||
|
||
definition injective {A B : (Type U)} (f : A → B) := ∀ x1 x2, f x1 = f x2 → x1 = x2
|
||
definition non_surjective {A B : (Type U)} (f : A → B) := ∃ y, ∀ x, ¬ f x = y
|
||
|
||
-- The set of individuals, we need to assert the existence of one infinite set
|
||
variable ind : Type
|
||
-- ind is infinite, i.e., there is a function f s.t. f is injective, and not surjective
|
||
axiom infinity : ∃ f : ind → ind, injective f ∧ non_surjective f
|
||
|
||
-- Pair extensionality
|
||
axiom pairext {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} (a b : sig x, B x)
|
||
(H1 : proj1 a = proj1 b) (H2 : proj2 a == proj2 b)
|
||
: a = b
|
||
|
||
theorem pair_proj_eq {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} (a : sig x, B x) : pair (proj1 a) (proj2 a) = a
|
||
:= have Heq1 : proj1 (pair (proj1 a) (proj2 a)) = proj1 a,
|
||
from refl (proj1 a),
|
||
have Heq2 : proj2 (pair (proj1 a) (proj2 a)) == proj2 a,
|
||
from hrefl (proj2 a),
|
||
show pair (proj1 a) (proj2 a) = a,
|
||
from pairext (pair (proj1 a) (proj2 a)) a Heq1 Heq2
|
||
|
||
theorem pair_congr {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} {a a' : A} {b : B a} {b' : B a'} (Ha : a = a') (Hb : b == b')
|
||
: (pair a b) = (pair a' b')
|
||
:= have Heq1 : proj1 (pair a b) = proj1 (pair a' b'),
|
||
from Ha,
|
||
have Heq2 : proj2 (pair a b) == proj2 (pair a' b'),
|
||
from Hb,
|
||
show (pair a b) = (pair a' b'),
|
||
from pairext (pair a b) (pair a' b') Heq1 Heq2
|
||
|
||
theorem pairext_proj {A B : (Type U)} {p : A # B} {a : A} {b : B} (H1 : proj1 p = a) (H2 : proj2 p = b) : p = (pair a b)
|
||
:= pairext p (pair a b) H1 (to_heq H2)
|
||
|
||
theorem hpairext_proj {A : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} {p : sig x, B x} {a : A} {b : B a}
|
||
(H1 : proj1 p = a) (H2 : proj2 p == b) : p = (pair a b)
|
||
:= pairext p (pair a b) H1 H2
|
||
|
||
-- Heterogeneous equality axioms and theorems
|
||
|
||
-- We can "type-cast" an A expression into a B expression, if we can prove that A == B
|
||
-- Remark: we use A == B instead of A = B, because A = B would be type incorrect.
|
||
-- A = B is actually (@eq (Type U) A B), which is type incorrect because
|
||
-- the first argument of eq must have type (Type U) and the type of (Type U) is (Type U+1)
|
||
variable cast {A B : (Type U+1)} : A == B → A → B
|
||
|
||
axiom cast_heq {A B : (Type U+1)} (H : A == B) (a : A) : cast H a == a
|
||
|
||
-- Heterogeneous equality satisfies the usual properties: symmetry, transitivity, congruence, function extensionality, ...
|
||
|
||
-- Heterogeneous version of subst
|
||
axiom hsubst {A B : (Type U+1)} {a : A} {b : B} (P : ∀ T : (Type U+1), T → Bool) : P A a → a == b → P B b
|
||
|
||
theorem hsymm {A B : (Type U+1)} {a : A} {b : B} (H : a == b) : b == a
|
||
:= hsubst (λ (T : (Type U+1)) (x : T), x == a) (hrefl a) H
|
||
|
||
theorem htrans {A B C : (Type U+1)} {a : A} {b : B} {c : C} (H1 : a == b) (H2 : b == c) : a == c
|
||
:= hsubst (λ (T : (Type U+1)) (x : T), a == x) H1 H2
|
||
|
||
axiom hcongr {A A' : (Type U+1)} {B : A → (Type U+1)} {B' : A' → (Type U+1)} {f : ∀ x, B x} {f' : ∀ x, B' x} {a : A} {a' : A'} :
|
||
f == f' → a == a' → f a == f' a'
|
||
|
||
axiom hfunext {A A' : (Type U+1)} {B : A → (Type U+1)} {B' : A' → (Type U+1)} {f : ∀ x, B x} {f' : ∀ x, B' x} :
|
||
A == A' → (∀ x x', x == x' → f x == f' x') → f == f'
|
||
|
||
axiom hpiext {A A' : (Type U+1)} {B : A → (Type U+1)} {B' : A' → (Type U+1)} :
|
||
A == A' → (∀ x x', x == x' → B x == B' x') → (∀ x, B x) == (∀ x, B' x)
|
||
|
||
axiom hsigext {A A' : (Type U+1)} {B : A → (Type U+1)} {B' : A' → (Type U+1)} :
|
||
A == A' → (∀ x x', x == x' → B x == B' x') → (sig x, B x) == (sig x, B' x)
|
||
|
||
-- Heterogeneous version of the allext theorem
|
||
theorem hallext {A A' : (Type U+1)} {B : A → Bool} {B' : A' → Bool}
|
||
(Ha : A == A') (Hb : ∀ x x', x == x' → B x = B' x') : (∀ x, B x) = (∀ x, B' x)
|
||
:= to_eq (hpiext Ha (λ x x' Heq, to_heq (Hb x x' Heq)))
|
||
|
||
-- Simpler version of hfunext axiom, we use it to build proofs
|
||
theorem hsfunext {A : (Type U)} {B B' : A → (Type U)} {f : ∀ x, B x} {f' : ∀ x, B' x} :
|
||
(∀ x, f x == f' x) → f == f'
|
||
:= λ Hb,
|
||
hfunext (hrefl A) (λ (x x' : A) (Heq : x == x'),
|
||
let s1 : f x == f' x := Hb x,
|
||
s2 : f' x == f' x' := hcongr (hrefl f') Heq
|
||
in htrans s1 s2)
|
||
|
||
theorem heq_congr {A B : (Type U)} {a a' : A} {b b' : B} (H1 : a = a') (H2 : b = b') : (a == b) = (a' == b')
|
||
:= calc (a == b) = (a' == b) : { H1 }
|
||
... = (a' == b') : { H2 }
|
||
|
||
theorem hheq_congr {A A' B B' : (Type U+1)} {a : A} {a' : A'} {b : B} {b' : B'} (H1 : a == a') (H2 : b == b') : (a == b) = (a' == b')
|
||
:= have Heq1 : (a == b) = (a' == b),
|
||
from (hsubst (λ (T : (Type U+1)) (x : T), (a == b) = (x == b)) (refl (a == b)) H1),
|
||
have Heq2 : (a' == b) = (a' == b'),
|
||
from (hsubst (λ (T : (Type U+1)) (x : T), (a' == b) = (a' == x)) (refl (a' == b)) H2),
|
||
show (a == b) = (a' == b'),
|
||
from trans Heq1 Heq2
|
||
|
||
theorem type_eq {A B : (Type U)} {a : A} {b : B} (H : a == b) : A == B
|
||
:= hsubst (λ (T : (Type U+1)) (x : T), A == T) (hrefl A) H
|
||
|
||
-- Some theorems that are useful for applying simplifications.
|
||
theorem cast_eq {A : (Type U)} (H : A == A) (a : A) : cast H a = a
|
||
:= to_eq (cast_heq H a)
|
||
|
||
theorem cast_trans {A B C : (Type U)} (Hab : A == B) (Hbc : B == C) (a : A) : cast Hbc (cast Hab a) = cast (htrans Hab Hbc) a
|
||
:= have Heq1 : cast Hbc (cast Hab a) == cast Hab a,
|
||
from cast_heq Hbc (cast Hab a),
|
||
have Heq2 : cast Hab a == a,
|
||
from cast_heq Hab a,
|
||
have Heq3 : cast (htrans Hab Hbc) a == a,
|
||
from cast_heq (htrans Hab Hbc) a,
|
||
show cast Hbc (cast Hab a) = cast (htrans Hab Hbc) a,
|
||
from to_eq (htrans (htrans Heq1 Heq2) (hsymm Heq3))
|
||
|
||
theorem cast_pull {A : (Type U)} {B B' : A → (Type U)}
|
||
(f : ∀ x, B x) (a : A) (Hb : (∀ x, B x) == (∀ x, B' x)) (Hba : (B a) == (B' a)) :
|
||
cast Hb f a = cast Hba (f a)
|
||
:= have s1 : cast Hb f a == f a,
|
||
from hcongr (cast_heq Hb f) (hrefl a),
|
||
have s2 : cast Hba (f a) == f a,
|
||
from cast_heq Hba (f a),
|
||
show cast Hb f a = cast Hba (f a),
|
||
from to_eq (htrans s1 (hsymm s2))
|
||
|
||
-- Proof irrelevance is true in the set theoretic model we have for Lean.
|
||
axiom proof_irrel {a : Bool} (H1 H2 : a) : H1 = H2
|
||
|
||
-- A more general version of proof_irrel that can be be derived using proof_irrel, heq axioms and boolext/iff_intro
|
||
theorem hproof_irrel {a b : Bool} (H1 : a) (H2 : b) : H1 == H2
|
||
:= let Hab : a == b := to_heq (iff_intro (assume Ha, H2) (assume Hb, H1)),
|
||
H1b : b := cast Hab H1,
|
||
H1_eq_H1b : H1 == H1b := hsymm (cast_heq Hab H1),
|
||
H1b_eq_H2 : H1b == H2 := to_heq (proof_irrel H1b H2)
|
||
in htrans H1_eq_H1b H1b_eq_H2
|