Spectral/algebra/left_module.hlean

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/-
Copyright (c) 2015 Nathaniel Thomas. All rights reserved.
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
Authors: Nathaniel Thomas, Jeremy Avigad, Floris van Doorn
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Modules prod vector spaces over a ring.
(We use "left_module," which is more precise, because "module" is a keyword.)
-/
import algebra.field ..move_to_lib .exactness algebra.group_power
open is_trunc pointed function sigma eq algebra prod is_equiv equiv group
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structure has_scalar [class] (F V : Type) :=
(smul : F → V → V)
infixl ` • `:73 := has_scalar.smul
/- modules over a ring -/
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namespace left_module
structure left_module (R M : Type) [ringR : ring R] extends has_scalar R M, ab_group M renaming
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mul → add mul_assoc → add_assoc one → zero one_mul → zero_add mul_one → add_zero inv → neg
mul_left_inv → add_left_inv mul_comm → add_comm :=
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(smul_left_distrib : Π (r : R) (x y : M), smul r (add x y) = (add (smul r x) (smul r y)))
(smul_right_distrib : Π (r s : R) (x : M), smul (ring.add _ r s) x = (add (smul r x) (smul s x)))
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(mul_smul : Π r s x, smul (mul r s) x = smul r (smul s x))
(one_smul : Π x, smul one x = x)
/- we make it a class now (and not as part of the structure) to avoid
left_module.to_ab_group to be an instance -/
attribute left_module [class]
definition add_ab_group_of_left_module [reducible] [trans_instance] (R M : Type) [K : ring R]
[H : left_module R M] : add_ab_group M :=
@left_module.to_ab_group R M K H
definition has_scalar_of_left_module [reducible] [trans_instance] (R M : Type) [K : ring R]
[H : left_module R M] : has_scalar R M :=
@left_module.to_has_scalar R M K H
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section left_module
variables {R M : Type}
variable [ringR : ring R]
variable [moduleRM : left_module R M]
include ringR moduleRM
-- Note: the anonymous include does not work in the propositions below.
proposition smul_left_distrib (a : R) (u v : M) : a • (u + v) = a • u + a • v :=
!left_module.smul_left_distrib
proposition smul_right_distrib (a b : R) (u : M) : (a + b) • u = a • u + b • u :=
!left_module.smul_right_distrib
proposition mul_smul (a : R) (b : R) (u : M) : (a * b) • u = a • (b • u) :=
!left_module.mul_smul
proposition one_smul (u : M) : (1 : R) • u = u := !left_module.one_smul
proposition zero_smul (u : M) : (0 : R) • u = 0 :=
have (0 : R) • u + 0 • u = 0 • u + 0, by rewrite [-smul_right_distrib, *add_zero],
!add.left_cancel this
proposition smul_zero (a : R) : a • (0 : M) = 0 :=
have a • (0:M) + a • 0 = a • 0 + 0, by rewrite [-smul_left_distrib, *add_zero],
!add.left_cancel this
proposition neg_smul (a : R) (u : M) : (-a) • u = - (a • u) :=
eq_neg_of_add_eq_zero (by rewrite [-smul_right_distrib, add.left_inv, zero_smul])
proposition neg_one_smul (u : M) : -(1 : R) • u = -u :=
by rewrite [neg_smul, one_smul]
proposition smul_neg (a : R) (u : M) : a • (-u) = -(a • u) :=
by rewrite [-neg_one_smul, -mul_smul, mul_neg_one_eq_neg, neg_smul]
proposition smul_sub_left_distrib (a : R) (u v : M) : a • (u - v) = a • u - a • v :=
by rewrite [sub_eq_add_neg, smul_left_distrib, smul_neg]
proposition sub_smul_right_distrib (a b : R) (v : M) : (a - b) • v = a • v - b • v :=
by rewrite [sub_eq_add_neg, smul_right_distrib, neg_smul]
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end left_module
/- vector spaces -/
structure vector_space [class] (F V : Type) [fieldF : field F]
extends left_module F V
/- homomorphisms -/
definition is_smul_hom [class] (R : Type) {M₁ M₂ : Type} [has_scalar R M₁] [has_scalar R M₂]
(f : M₁ → M₂) : Type :=
∀ r : R, ∀ a : M₁, f (r • a) = r • f a
definition is_prop_is_smul_hom [instance] (R : Type) {M₁ M₂ : Type} [is_set M₂]
[has_scalar R M₁] [has_scalar R M₂] (f : M₁ → M₂) : is_prop (is_smul_hom R f) :=
begin unfold is_smul_hom, apply _ end
definition respect_smul (R : Type) {M₁ M₂ : Type} [has_scalar R M₁] [has_scalar R M₂]
(f : M₁ → M₂) [H : is_smul_hom R f] :
∀ r : R, ∀ a : M₁, f (r • a) = r • f a :=
H
definition is_module_hom [class] (R : Type) {M₁ M₂ : Type}
[has_scalar R M₁] [has_scalar R M₂] [add_group M₁] [add_group M₂]
(f : M₁ → M₂) :=
is_add_hom f × is_smul_hom R f
definition is_add_hom_of_is_module_hom [instance] (R : Type) {M₁ M₂ : Type}
[has_scalar R M₁] [has_scalar R M₂] [add_group M₁] [add_group M₂]
(f : M₁ → M₂) [H : is_module_hom R f] : is_add_hom f :=
prod.pr1 H
definition is_smul_hom_of_is_module_hom [instance] {R : Type} {M₁ M₂ : Type}
[has_scalar R M₁] [has_scalar R M₂] [add_group M₁] [add_group M₂]
(f : M₁ → M₂) [H : is_module_hom R f] : is_smul_hom R f :=
prod.pr2 H
-- Why do we have to give the instance explicitly?
definition is_prop_is_module_hom [instance] (R : Type) {M₁ M₂ : Type}
[has_scalar R M₁] [has_scalar R M₂] [add_group M₁] [add_group M₂]
(f : M₁ → M₂) : is_prop (is_module_hom R f) :=
have h₁ : is_prop (is_add_hom f), from is_prop_is_add_hom f,
begin unfold is_module_hom, apply _ end
section module_hom
variables {R : Type} {M₁ M₂ M₃ : Type}
variables [has_scalar R M₁] [has_scalar R M₂] [has_scalar R M₃]
variables [add_group M₁] [add_group M₂] [add_group M₃]
variables (g : M₂ → M₃) (f : M₁ → M₂) [is_module_hom R g] [is_module_hom R f]
proposition is_module_hom_id : is_module_hom R (@id M₁) :=
pair (λ a₁ a₂, rfl) (λ r a, rfl)
proposition is_module_hom_comp : is_module_hom R (g ∘ f) :=
pair
(take a₁ a₂, begin esimp, rewrite [respect_add f, respect_add g] end)
(take r a, by esimp; rewrite [respect_smul R f, respect_smul R g])
proposition respect_smul_add_smul (a b : R) (u v : M₁) : f (a • u + b • v) = a • f u + b • f v :=
by rewrite [respect_add f, +respect_smul R f]
end module_hom
section hom_constant
variables {R : Type} {M₁ M₂ : Type}
variables [ring R] [has_scalar R M₁] [add_group M₁] [left_module R M₂]
proposition is_module_hom_constant : is_module_hom R (const M₁ (0 : M₂)) :=
(λm₁ m₂, !add_zero⁻¹, λr m, (smul_zero r)⁻¹ᵖ)
end hom_constant
structure LeftModule (R : Ring) :=
(carrier : Type) (struct : left_module R carrier)
attribute LeftModule.struct [instance]
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section
local attribute LeftModule.carrier [coercion]
definition AddAbGroup_of_LeftModule [coercion] {R : Ring} (M : LeftModule R) : AddAbGroup :=
AddAbGroup.mk M (LeftModule.struct M)
end
definition LeftModule.struct2 [instance] {R : Ring} (M : LeftModule R) : left_module R M :=
LeftModule.struct M
-- definition LeftModule.struct3 [instance] {R : Ring} (M : LeftModule R) :
-- left_module R (AddAbGroup_of_LeftModule M) :=
-- _
definition pointed_LeftModule_carrier [instance] {R : Ring} (M : LeftModule R) :
pointed (LeftModule.carrier M) :=
pointed.mk zero
definition pSet_of_LeftModule {R : Ring} (M : LeftModule R) : Set* :=
pSet.mk' (LeftModule.carrier M)
definition left_module_AddAbGroup_of_LeftModule [instance] {R : Ring} (M : LeftModule R) :
left_module R (AddAbGroup_of_LeftModule M) :=
LeftModule.struct M
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definition left_module_of_ab_group {G : Type} [gG : add_ab_group G] {R : Type} [ring R]
(smul : R → G → G)
(h1 : Π (r : R) (x y : G), smul r (x + y) = (smul r x + smul r y))
(h2 : Π (r s : R) (x : G), smul (r + s) x = (smul r x + smul s x))
(h3 : Π r s x, smul (r * s) x = smul r (smul s x))
(h4 : Π x, smul 1 x = x) : left_module R G :=
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left_module.mk smul _ add add.assoc 0 zero_add add_zero neg add.left_inv add.comm h1 h2 h3 h4
definition LeftModule_of_AddAbGroup {R : Ring} (G : AddAbGroup) (smul : R → G → G)
(h1 h2 h3 h4) : LeftModule R :=
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LeftModule.mk G (left_module_of_ab_group smul h1 h2 h3 h4)
open unit
definition trivial_LeftModule [constructor] (R : Ring) : LeftModule R :=
LeftModule_of_AddAbGroup trivial_ab_group (λr u, star)
(λr u₁ u₂, idp) (λr₁ r₂ u, idp) (λr₁ r₂ u, idp) unit.eta
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section
variables {R : Ring} {M M₁ M₂ M₃ : LeftModule R}
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definition smul_homomorphism [constructor] (M : LeftModule R) (r : R) : M →a M :=
add_homomorphism.mk (λg, r • g) (smul_left_distrib r)
proposition to_smul_left_distrib (a : R) (u v : M) : a • (u + v) = a • u + a • v :=
!smul_left_distrib
proposition to_smul_right_distrib (a b : R) (u : M) : (a + b) • u = a • u + b • u :=
!smul_right_distrib
proposition to_mul_smul (a : R) (b : R) (u : M) : (a * b) • u = a • (b • u) :=
!mul_smul
proposition to_one_smul (u : M) : (1 : R) • u = u := !one_smul
structure homomorphism (M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R) : Type :=
(fn : LeftModule.carrier M₁ → LeftModule.carrier M₂)
(p : is_module_hom R fn)
infix ` →lm `:55 := homomorphism
definition homomorphism_fn [unfold 4] [coercion] := @homomorphism.fn
definition is_module_hom_of_homomorphism [unfold 4] [instance] [priority 900]
{M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R} (φ : M₁ →lm M₂) : is_module_hom R φ :=
homomorphism.p φ
section
variable (φ : M₁ →lm M₂)
definition to_respect_add (x y : M₁) : φ (x + y) = φ x + φ y :=
respect_add φ x y
definition to_respect_smul (a : R) (x : M₁) : φ (a • x) = a • (φ x) :=
respect_smul R φ a x
definition to_respect_sub (x y : M₁) : φ (x - y) = φ x - φ y :=
respect_sub φ x y
definition is_embedding_of_homomorphism /- φ -/ (H : Π{x}, φ x = 0 → x = 0) : is_embedding φ :=
is_embedding_of_is_add_hom φ @H
variables (M₁ M₂)
definition is_set_homomorphism [instance] : is_set (M₁ →lm M₂) :=
begin
have H : M₁ →lm M₂ ≃ Σ(f : LeftModule.carrier M₁ → LeftModule.carrier M₂),
is_module_hom (Ring.carrier R) f,
begin
fapply equiv.MK,
{ intro φ, induction φ, constructor, exact p},
{ intro v, induction v with f H, constructor, exact H},
{ intro v, induction v, reflexivity},
{ intro φ, induction φ, reflexivity}
end,
have ∀ f : LeftModule.carrier M₁ → LeftModule.carrier M₂,
is_set (is_module_hom (Ring.carrier R) f), from _,
apply is_trunc_equiv_closed_rev, exact H
end
variables {M₁ M₂}
definition pmap_of_homomorphism [constructor] /- φ -/ :
pSet_of_LeftModule M₁ →* pSet_of_LeftModule M₂ :=
have H : φ 0 = 0, from respect_zero φ,
pmap.mk φ begin esimp, exact H end
definition homomorphism_change_fun [constructor]
(φ : M₁ →lm M₂) (f : M₁ → M₂) (p : φ ~ f) : M₁ →lm M₂ :=
homomorphism.mk f
(prod.mk
(λx₁ x₂, (p (x₁ + x₂))⁻¹ ⬝ to_respect_add φ x₁ x₂ ⬝ ap011 _ (p x₁) (p x₂))
(λ a x, (p (a • x))⁻¹ ⬝ to_respect_smul φ a x ⬝ ap01 _ (p x)))
definition homomorphism_eq (φ₁ φ₂ : M₁ →lm M₂) (p : φ₁ ~ φ₂) : φ₁ = φ₂ :=
begin
induction φ₁ with φ₁ q₁, induction φ₂ with φ₂ q₂, esimp at p, induction p,
exact ap (homomorphism.mk φ₁) !is_prop.elim
end
end
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section
definition homomorphism.mk' [constructor] (φ : M₁ → M₂)
(p : Π(g₁ g₂ : M₁), φ (g₁ + g₂) = φ g₁ + φ g₂)
(q : Π(r : R) x, φ (r • x) = r • φ x) : M₁ →lm M₂ :=
homomorphism.mk φ (p, q)
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definition to_respect_zero (φ : M₁ →lm M₂) : φ 0 = 0 :=
respect_zero φ
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definition homomorphism_compose [reducible] [constructor] (f' : M₂ →lm M₃) (f : M₁ →lm M₂) :
M₁ →lm M₃ :=
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homomorphism.mk (f' ∘ f) !is_module_hom_comp
variable (M)
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definition homomorphism_id [reducible] [constructor] [refl] : M →lm M :=
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homomorphism.mk (@id M) !is_module_hom_id
variable {M}
abbreviation lmid [constructor] := homomorphism_id M
infixr ` ∘lm `:75 := homomorphism_compose
definition lm_constant [constructor] (M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R) : M₁ →lm M₂ :=
homomorphism.mk (const M₁ 0) !is_module_hom_constant
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structure isomorphism (M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R) :=
(to_hom : M₁ →lm M₂)
(is_equiv_to_hom : is_equiv to_hom)
infix ` ≃lm `:25 := isomorphism
attribute isomorphism.to_hom [coercion]
attribute isomorphism.is_equiv_to_hom [instance]
attribute isomorphism._trans_of_to_hom [unfold 4]
definition equiv_of_isomorphism [constructor] (φ : M₁ ≃lm M₂) : M₁ ≃ M₂ :=
equiv.mk φ !isomorphism.is_equiv_to_hom
section
local attribute pSet_of_LeftModule [coercion]
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definition pequiv_of_isomorphism [constructor] (φ : M₁ ≃lm M₂) : M₁ ≃* M₂ :=
pequiv_of_equiv (equiv_of_isomorphism φ) (to_respect_zero φ)
end
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definition isomorphism_of_equiv [constructor] (φ : M₁ ≃ M₂)
(p : Π(g₁ g₂ : M₁), φ (g₁ + g₂) = φ g₁ + φ g₂)
(q : Πr x, φ (r • x) = r • φ x) : M₁ ≃lm M₂ :=
isomorphism.mk (homomorphism.mk φ (p, q)) !to_is_equiv
definition isomorphism_of_eq [constructor] {M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R} (p : M₁ = M₂ :> LeftModule R)
: M₁ ≃lm M₂ :=
isomorphism_of_equiv (equiv_of_eq (ap LeftModule.carrier p))
begin intros, induction p, reflexivity end
begin intros, induction p, reflexivity end
-- definition pequiv_of_isomorphism_of_eq {M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R} (p : M₁ = M₂ :> LeftModule R) :
-- pequiv_of_isomorphism (isomorphism_of_eq p) = pequiv_of_eq (ap pType_of_LeftModule p) :=
-- begin
-- induction p,
-- apply pequiv_eq,
-- fapply pmap_eq,
-- { intro g, reflexivity},
-- { apply is_prop.elim}
-- end
definition to_lminv [constructor] (φ : M₁ ≃lm M₂) : M₂ →lm M₁ :=
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homomorphism.mk φ⁻¹
abstract begin
split,
intro g₁ g₂, apply eq_of_fn_eq_fn' φ,
rewrite [respect_add φ, +right_inv φ],
intro r x, apply eq_of_fn_eq_fn' φ,
rewrite [to_respect_smul φ, +right_inv φ],
end end
variable (M)
definition isomorphism.refl [refl] [constructor] : M ≃lm M :=
isomorphism.mk lmid !is_equiv_id
variable {M}
definition isomorphism.rfl [refl] [constructor] : M ≃lm M := isomorphism.refl M
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definition isomorphism.symm [symm] [constructor] (φ : M₁ ≃lm M₂) : M₂ ≃lm M₁ :=
isomorphism.mk (to_lminv φ) !is_equiv_inv
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definition isomorphism.trans [trans] [constructor] (φ : M₁ ≃lm M₂) (ψ : M₂ ≃lm M₃) : M₁ ≃lm M₃ :=
isomorphism.mk (ψ ∘lm φ) !is_equiv_compose
definition isomorphism.eq_trans [trans] [constructor]
{M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R} {M₃ : LeftModule R} (φ : M₁ = M₂) (ψ : M₂ ≃lm M₃) : M₁ ≃lm M₃ :=
proof isomorphism.trans (isomorphism_of_eq φ) ψ qed
definition isomorphism.trans_eq [trans] [constructor]
{M₁ : LeftModule R} {M₂ M₃ : LeftModule R} (φ : M₁ ≃lm M₂) (ψ : M₂ = M₃) : M₁ ≃lm M₃ :=
isomorphism.trans φ (isomorphism_of_eq ψ)
postfix `⁻¹ˡᵐ`:(max + 1) := isomorphism.symm
infixl ` ⬝lm `:75 := isomorphism.trans
infixl ` ⬝lmp `:75 := isomorphism.trans_eq
infixl ` ⬝plm `:75 := isomorphism.eq_trans
definition homomorphism_of_eq [constructor] {M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R} (p : M₁ = M₂ :> LeftModule R)
: M₁ →lm M₂ :=
isomorphism_of_eq p
definition group_homomorphism_of_lm_homomorphism [constructor] {M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R}
(φ : M₁ →lm M₂) : M₁ →a M₂ :=
add_homomorphism.mk φ (to_respect_add φ)
definition lm_homomorphism_of_group_homomorphism [constructor] {M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R}
(φ : M₁ →a M₂) (h : Π(r : R) g, φ (r • g) = r • φ g) : M₁ →lm M₂ :=
homomorphism.mk' φ (group.to_respect_add φ) h
definition group_isomorphism_of_lm_isomorphism [constructor] {M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R}
(φ : M₁ ≃lm M₂) : AddGroup_of_AddAbGroup M₁ ≃g AddGroup_of_AddAbGroup M₂ :=
group.isomorphism.mk (group_homomorphism_of_lm_homomorphism φ) (isomorphism.is_equiv_to_hom φ)
definition lm_isomorphism_of_group_isomorphism [constructor] {M₁ M₂ : LeftModule R}
(φ : AddGroup_of_AddAbGroup M₁ ≃g AddGroup_of_AddAbGroup M₂)
(h : Π(r : R) g, φ (r • g) = r • φ g) : M₁ ≃lm M₂ :=
isomorphism.mk (lm_homomorphism_of_group_homomorphism φ h) (group.isomorphism.is_equiv_to_hom φ)
section
local attribute pSet_of_LeftModule [coercion]
definition is_exact_mod (f : M₁ →lm M₂) (f' : M₂ →lm M₃) : Type :=
@is_exact M₁ M₂ M₃ (homomorphism_fn f) (homomorphism_fn f')
definition is_exact_mod.mk {f : M₁ →lm M₂} {f' : M₂ →lm M₃}
(h₁ : Πm, f' (f m) = 0) (h₂ : Πm, f' m = 0 → image f m) : is_exact_mod f f' :=
is_exact.mk h₁ h₂
structure short_exact_mod (A B C : LeftModule R) :=
(f : A →lm B)
(g : B →lm C)
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(h : @is_short_exact A B C f g)
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local abbreviation g_of_lm := @group_homomorphism_of_lm_homomorphism
definition short_exact_mod_of_is_exact {X A B C Y : LeftModule R}
(k : X →lm A) (f : A →lm B) (g : B →lm C) (l : C →lm Y)
(hX : is_contr X) (hY : is_contr Y)
(kf : is_exact_mod k f) (fg : is_exact_mod f g) (gl : is_exact_mod g l) :
short_exact_mod A B C :=
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short_exact_mod.mk f g
(is_short_exact_of_is_exact (g_of_lm k) (g_of_lm f) (g_of_lm g) (g_of_lm l) hX hY kf fg gl)
definition short_exact_mod_isomorphism {A B A' B' C C' : LeftModule R}
(eA : A ≃lm A') (eB : B ≃lm B') (eC : C ≃lm C')
(H : short_exact_mod A' B' C') : short_exact_mod A B C :=
short_exact_mod.mk (eB⁻¹ˡᵐ ∘lm short_exact_mod.f H ∘lm eA) (eC⁻¹ˡᵐ ∘lm short_exact_mod.g H ∘lm eB)
(is_short_exact_equiv _ _
(equiv_of_isomorphism eA) (equiv_of_isomorphism eB) (pequiv_of_isomorphism eC)
(λa, to_right_inv (equiv_of_isomorphism eB) _) (λb, to_right_inv (equiv_of_isomorphism eC) _)
(short_exact_mod.h H))
definition is_contr_middle_of_short_exact_mod {A B C : LeftModule R} (H : short_exact_mod A B C)
(HA : is_contr A) (HC : is_contr C) : is_contr B :=
is_contr_middle_of_is_exact (is_exact_of_is_short_exact (short_exact_mod.h H))
definition is_contr_right_of_short_exact_mod {A B C : LeftModule R} (H : short_exact_mod A B C)
(HB : is_contr B) : is_contr C :=
is_contr_right_of_is_short_exact (short_exact_mod.h H) _ _
definition is_contr_left_of_short_exact_mod {A B C : LeftModule R} (H : short_exact_mod A B C)
(HB : is_contr B) : is_contr A :=
is_contr_left_of_is_short_exact (short_exact_mod.h H) _ pt
definition isomorphism_of_is_contr_left {A B C : LeftModule R} (H : short_exact_mod A B C)
(HA : is_contr A) : B ≃lm C :=
isomorphism.mk (short_exact_mod.g H)
begin
apply @is_equiv_right_of_is_short_exact _ _ _
(group_homomorphism_of_lm_homomorphism (short_exact_mod.f H))
(group_homomorphism_of_lm_homomorphism (short_exact_mod.g H)),
rexact short_exact_mod.h H, exact HA,
end
definition isomorphism_of_is_contr_right {A B C : LeftModule R} (H : short_exact_mod A B C)
(HC : is_contr C) : A ≃lm B :=
isomorphism.mk (short_exact_mod.f H)
begin
apply @is_equiv_left_of_is_short_exact _ _ _
(group_homomorphism_of_lm_homomorphism (short_exact_mod.f H))
(group_homomorphism_of_lm_homomorphism (short_exact_mod.g H)),
rexact short_exact_mod.h H, exact HC,
end
end
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end
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end
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section int
open int
definition left_module_int_of_ab_group [constructor] (A : Type) [add_ab_group A] : left_module r A :=
left_module_of_ab_group imul imul_add add_imul mul_imul one_imul
definition LeftModule_int_of_AbGroup [constructor] (A : AddAbGroup) : LeftModule r :=
LeftModule.mk A (left_module_int_of_ab_group A)
definition lm_hom_int.mk [constructor] {A B : AbGroup} (φ : A →g B) :
LeftModule_int_of_AbGroup A →lm LeftModule_int_of_AbGroup B :=
lm_homomorphism_of_group_homomorphism φ (to_respect_imul φ)
definition lm_iso_int.mk [constructor] {A B : AbGroup} (φ : A ≃g B) :
LeftModule_int_of_AbGroup A ≃lm LeftModule_int_of_AbGroup B :=
isomorphism.mk (lm_hom_int.mk φ) (group.isomorphism.is_equiv_to_hom φ)
definition group_isomorphism_of_lm_isomorphism_int [constructor] {A B : AbGroup}
(φ : LeftModule_int_of_AbGroup A ≃lm LeftModule_int_of_AbGroup B) : A ≃g B :=
group_isomorphism_of_lm_isomorphism φ
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end int
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end left_module