lean2/library/algebra/ordered_field.lean

/-
Copyright (c) 2014 Robert Lewis. All rights reserved.
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
Authors: Robert Lewis

-/

import algebra.ordered_ring algebra.field
open eq eq.ops

namespace algebra

structure linear_ordered_field [class] (A : Type) extends linear_ordered_ring A, field A

section linear_ordered_field

  variable {A : Type}
  variables [s : linear_ordered_field A] {a b c d : A}
  include s

  -- helpers for following
  theorem mul_zero_lt_mul_inv_of_pos (H : 0 < a) : a * 0 < a * (1 / a) :=
   calc
      a * 0 = 0           : mul_zero
        ... < 1           : zero_lt_one
        ... = a * a⁻¹     : mul_inv_cancel (ne.symm (ne_of_lt H))
        ... = a * (1 / a) : inv_eq_one_div

  theorem mul_zero_lt_mul_inv_of_neg (H : a < 0) : a * 0 < a * (1 / a) :=
    calc
      a * 0 = 0           : mul_zero
        ... < 1           : zero_lt_one
        ... = a * a⁻¹     : mul_inv_cancel (ne_of_lt H)
        ... = a * (1 / a) : inv_eq_one_div

  theorem div_pos_of_pos (H : 0 < a) : 0 < 1 / a :=
    lt_of_mul_lt_mul_left (mul_zero_lt_mul_inv_of_pos H) (le_of_lt H)

  theorem div_neg_of_neg (H : a < 0) : 1 / a < 0 :=
    gt_of_mul_lt_mul_neg_left (mul_zero_lt_mul_inv_of_neg H) (le_of_lt H)


  theorem le_mul_of_ge_one_right (Hb : b ≥ 0) (H : a ≥ 1) : b ≤ b * a :=
      mul_one _ ▸ (mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_left H Hb)

  theorem lt_mul_of_gt_one_right (Hb : b > 0) (H : a > 1) : b < b * a :=
      mul_one _ ▸ (mul_lt_mul_of_pos_left H Hb)

  theorem one_le_div_iff_le (Hb : b > 0) : 1 ≤ a / b ↔ b ≤ a :=
    have Hb' : b ≠ 0, from ne.symm (ne_of_lt Hb),
    iff.intro
    (assume H : 1 ≤ a / b,
      calc
        b   = b           : refl
        ... ≤ b * (a / b) : le_mul_of_ge_one_right (le_of_lt Hb) H
        ... = a           : mul_div_cancel' Hb')
    (assume H : b ≤ a,
      have Hbinv : 1 / b > 0, from  div_pos_of_pos Hb, calc
        1  = b * (1 / b) : mul_one_div_cancel Hb'
       ... ≤ a * (1 / b) : mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_right H (le_of_lt Hbinv)
       ... = a / b       : div_eq_mul_one_div)

  theorem le_of_one_le_div (Hb : b > 0) (H : 1 ≤ a / b) : b ≤ a :=
    (iff.mp (one_le_div_iff_le Hb)) H

  theorem one_le_div_of_le (Hb : b > 0) (H : b ≤ a) : 1 ≤ a / b :=
    (iff.mpr (one_le_div_iff_le Hb)) H

  theorem one_lt_div_iff_lt (Hb : b > 0) : 1 < a / b ↔ b < a :=
    have Hb' : b ≠ 0, from ne.symm (ne_of_lt Hb),
    iff.intro
    (assume H : 1 < a / b,
      calc
        b   < b * (a / b) : lt_mul_of_gt_one_right Hb H
        ... = a           : mul_div_cancel' Hb')
    (assume H : b < a,
      have Hbinv : 1 / b > 0, from  div_pos_of_pos Hb, calc
        1 = b * (1 / b) : mul_one_div_cancel Hb'
      ... < a * (1 / b) : mul_lt_mul_of_pos_right H Hbinv
      ... = a / b       : div_eq_mul_one_div)

  theorem lt_of_one_lt_div (Hb : b > 0) (H : 1 < a / b) : b < a :=
    (iff.mp (one_lt_div_iff_lt Hb)) H

  theorem one_lt_div_of_lt (Hb : b > 0) (H : b < a) : 1 < a / b :=
    (iff.mpr (one_lt_div_iff_lt Hb)) H

  theorem exists_lt : ∃ x, x < a :=
    have H : a - 1 < a, from add_lt_of_le_of_neg (le.refl _) zero_gt_neg_one,
    exists.intro _ H

  theorem exists_gt : ∃ x, x > a :=
    have H : a + 1 > a, from lt_add_of_le_of_pos (le.refl _) zero_lt_one,
    exists.intro _ H

  -- the following theorems amount to four iffs, for <, ≤, ≥, >.

  theorem mul_le_of_le_div (Hc : 0 < c) (H : a ≤ b / c) : a * c ≤ b :=
    div_mul_cancel (ne.symm (ne_of_lt Hc)) ▸ mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_right H (le_of_lt Hc)

  theorem le_div_of_mul_le (Hc : 0 < c) (H : a * c ≤ b) : a ≤ b / c :=
    calc
      a   = a * c * (1 / c) : mul_mul_div (ne.symm (ne_of_lt Hc))
      ... ≤ b * (1 / c)     : mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_right H (le_of_lt (div_pos_of_pos Hc))
      ... = b / c           : div_eq_mul_one_div

  theorem mul_lt_of_lt_div (Hc : 0 < c) (H : a < b / c) : a * c < b :=
    div_mul_cancel (ne.symm (ne_of_lt Hc)) ▸ mul_lt_mul_of_pos_right H Hc

  theorem lt_div_of_mul_lt (Hc : 0 < c) (H : a * c < b) : a < b / c :=
    calc
      a   = a * c * (1 / c) : mul_mul_div (ne.symm (ne_of_lt Hc))
      ... < b * (1 / c)     : mul_lt_mul_of_pos_right H (div_pos_of_pos Hc)
      ... = b / c           : div_eq_mul_one_div

  theorem mul_le_of_ge_div_neg (Hc : c < 0) (H : a ≥ b / c) : a * c ≤ b :=
    div_mul_cancel (ne_of_lt Hc) ▸ mul_le_mul_of_nonpos_right H (le_of_lt Hc)

  theorem ge_div_of_mul_le_neg (Hc : c < 0) (H : a * c ≤ b) : a ≥ b / c :=
    calc
      a   = a * c * (1 / c) : mul_mul_div (ne_of_lt Hc)
      ... ≥ b * (1 / c)     : mul_le_mul_of_nonpos_right H (le_of_lt (div_neg_of_neg Hc))
      ... = b / c           : div_eq_mul_one_div

  theorem mul_lt_of_gt_div_neg (Hc : c < 0) (H : a > b / c) : a * c < b :=
    div_mul_cancel (ne_of_lt Hc) ▸ mul_lt_mul_of_neg_right H Hc

  theorem gt_div_of_mul_gt_neg (Hc : c < 0) (H : a * c < b) : a > b / c :=
    calc
      a   = a * c * (1 / c) : mul_mul_div (ne_of_lt Hc)
      ... > b * (1 / c)     : mul_lt_mul_of_neg_right H (div_neg_of_neg Hc)
      ... = b / c           : div_eq_mul_one_div


  -----

  theorem div_le_of_le_mul (Hb : b > 0) (H : a ≤ b * c) : a / b ≤ c :=
    calc
      a / b = a * (1 / b)       : div_eq_mul_one_div
        ... ≤ (b * c) * (1 / b) : mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_right H (le_of_lt (div_pos_of_pos Hb))
        ... = (b * c) / b       : div_eq_mul_one_div
        ... = c                 : mul_div_cancel_left (ne.symm (ne_of_lt Hb))

  theorem le_mul_of_div_le (Hc : c > 0) (H : a / c ≤ b) : a ≤ b * c :=
    calc
      a = a / c * c : div_mul_cancel (ne.symm (ne_of_lt Hc))
    ... ≤ b * c     : mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_right H (le_of_lt Hc)

  -- following these in the isabelle file, there are 8 biconditionals for the above with - signs
  -- skipping for now

  theorem mul_sub_mul_div_mul_neg (Hc : c ≠ 0) (Hd : d ≠ 0) (H : a / c < b / d) :
      (a * d - b * c) / (c * d) < 0 :=
    have H1 : a / c - b / d < 0, from calc
      a / c - b / d < b / d - b / d : sub_lt_sub_right H
      ... = 0 : sub_self,
    calc
      0 > a / c - b / d : H1
      ... = (a * d - c * b) / (c * d) : div_sub_div Hc Hd
      ... = (a * d - b * c) / (c * d) : mul.comm

  theorem mul_sub_mul_div_mul_nonpos (Hc : c ≠ 0) (Hd : d ≠ 0) (H : a / c ≤ b / d) :
      (a * d - b * c) / (c * d) ≤ 0 :=
    have H1 : a / c - b / d ≤ 0, from calc
      a / c - b / d ≤ b / d - b / d : sub_le_sub_right H
      ... = 0 : sub_self,
    calc
      0 ≥ a / c - b / d : H1
      ... = (a * d - c * b) / (c * d) : div_sub_div Hc Hd
      ... = (a * d - b * c) / (c * d) : mul.comm

  theorem div_lt_div_of_mul_sub_mul_div_neg (Hc : c ≠ 0) (Hd : d ≠ 0)
      (H : (a * d - b * c) / (c * d) < 0) : a / c < b / d :=
    assert H1 : (a * d - c * b) / (c * d) < 0,     by rewrite [mul.comm c b]; exact H,
    assert H2 : a / c - b / d < 0,                 by rewrite [div_sub_div Hc Hd]; exact H1,
    assert H3 : a / c - b / d + b / d < 0 + b / d, from add_lt_add_right H2 _,
    begin rewrite [zero_add at H3, neg_add_cancel_right at H3], exact H3 end

  theorem div_le_div_of_mul_sub_mul_div_nonpos (Hc : c ≠ 0) (Hd : d ≠ 0)
      (H : (a * d - b * c) / (c * d) ≤ 0) : a / c ≤ b / d :=
    assert H1 : (a * d - c * b) / (c * d) ≤ 0,     by rewrite [mul.comm c b]; exact H,
    assert H2 : a / c - b / d ≤ 0,                 by rewrite [div_sub_div Hc Hd]; exact H1,
    assert H3 : a / c - b / d + b / d ≤ 0 + b / d, from add_le_add_right H2 _,
    begin rewrite [zero_add at H3, neg_add_cancel_right at H3], exact H3 end

  theorem pos_div_of_pos_of_pos (Ha : 0 < a) (Hb : 0 < b) : 0 < a / b :=
    begin
      rewrite div_eq_mul_one_div,
      apply mul_pos,
      exact Ha,
      apply div_pos_of_pos,
      exact Hb
    end

  theorem nonneg_div_of_nonneg_of_pos (Ha : 0 ≤ a) (Hb : 0 < b) : 0 ≤ a / b :=
    begin
      rewrite div_eq_mul_one_div,
      apply mul_nonneg,
      exact Ha,
      apply le_of_lt,
      apply div_pos_of_pos,
      exact Hb
    end

  theorem neg_div_of_neg_of_pos (Ha : a < 0) (Hb : 0 < b) : a / b < 0:=
    begin
      rewrite div_eq_mul_one_div,
      apply mul_neg_of_neg_of_pos,
      exact Ha,
      apply div_pos_of_pos,
      exact Hb
    end

  theorem nonpos_div_of_nonpos_of_pos (Ha : a ≤ 0) (Hb : 0 < b) : a / b ≤ 0 :=
    begin
      rewrite div_eq_mul_one_div,
      apply mul_nonpos_of_nonpos_of_nonneg,
      exact Ha,
      apply le_of_lt,
      apply div_pos_of_pos,
      exact Hb
    end

  theorem neg_div_of_pos_of_neg (Ha : 0 < a) (Hb : b < 0) : a / b < 0 :=
    begin
      rewrite div_eq_mul_one_div,
      apply mul_neg_of_pos_of_neg,
      exact Ha,
      apply div_neg_of_neg,
      exact Hb
    end

  theorem nonpos_div_of_nonneg_of_neg (Ha : 0 ≤ a) (Hb : b < 0) :  a / b ≤ 0 :=
    begin
      rewrite div_eq_mul_one_div,
      apply mul_nonpos_of_nonneg_of_nonpos,
      exact Ha,
      apply le_of_lt,
      apply div_neg_of_neg,
      exact Hb
    end

  theorem pos_div_of_neg_of_neg (Ha : a < 0) (Hb : b < 0) : 0 < a / b :=
    begin
      rewrite div_eq_mul_one_div,
      apply mul_pos_of_neg_of_neg,
      exact Ha,
      apply div_neg_of_neg,
      exact Hb
    end


  theorem nonneg_div_of_nonpos_of_neg (Ha : a ≤ 0) (Hb : b < 0) : 0 ≤ a / b :=
    begin
      rewrite div_eq_mul_one_div,
      apply mul_nonneg_of_nonpos_of_nonpos,
      exact Ha,
      apply le_of_lt,
      apply div_neg_of_neg,
      exact Hb
    end

  theorem div_lt_div_of_lt_of_pos (H : a < b) (Hc : 0 < c) : a / c < b / c :=
  begin
    rewrite [{a/c}div_eq_mul_one_div, {b/c}div_eq_mul_one_div],
    exact mul_lt_mul_of_pos_right H (div_pos_of_pos Hc)
  end

  theorem div_lt_div_of_lt_of_neg (H : b < a) (Hc : c < 0) : a / c < b / c :=
  begin
    rewrite [{a/c}div_eq_mul_one_div, {b/c}div_eq_mul_one_div],
    exact mul_lt_mul_of_neg_right H (div_neg_of_neg Hc)
  end

  theorem two_ne_zero : (1 : A) + 1 ≠ 0 :=
    ne.symm (ne_of_lt (add_pos zero_lt_one zero_lt_one))

  notation 2 := 1 + 1

  theorem add_halves : a / 2 + a / 2 = a :=
    calc
      a / 2 + a / 2 = (a + a) / 2 : by rewrite div_add_div_same
      ... = (a * 1 + a * 1) / 2   : by rewrite mul_one
      ... = (a * 2) / 2           : by rewrite left_distrib
      ... = a                     : by rewrite [@mul_div_cancel A _ _ _ two_ne_zero]

theorem nonneg_le_nonneg_of_squares_le  (Ha : a ≥ 0) (Hb : b ≥ 0) (H : a * a ≤ b * b) : a ≤ b :=
  begin
    apply le_of_not_gt,
    intro Hab,
    let Hposa := lt_of_le_of_lt Hb Hab,
    let H' := calc
      b * b ≤ a * b : mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_right (le_of_lt Hab) Hb
      ... < a * a : mul_lt_mul_of_pos_left Hab Hposa,
    apply (not_le_of_gt H') H
  end

  theorem div_two : (a + a) / 2 = a :=
    symm (iff.mpr (eq_div_iff_mul_eq (ne_of_gt (add_pos zero_lt_one zero_lt_one)))
           (by rewrite [left_distrib, *mul_one]))


  theorem mul_le_mul_of_mul_div_le (H : a * (b / c) ≤ d) (Hc : c > 0) : b * a ≤ d * c :=
    begin
      rewrite [-mul_div_assoc at H, mul.comm b],
      apply le_mul_of_div_le Hc H
    end

end linear_ordered_field

structure discrete_linear_ordered_field [class] (A : Type) extends linear_ordered_field A,
  decidable_linear_ordered_comm_ring A :=
  (inv_zero : inv zero = zero)

section discrete_linear_ordered_field

  variable {A : Type}
  variables [s : discrete_linear_ordered_field A] {a b c : A}
  include s


  theorem dec_eq_of_dec_lt : ∀ x y : A, decidable (x = y) :=
    take x y,
    decidable.by_cases
    (assume H : x < y, decidable.inr (ne_of_lt H))
    (assume H : ¬ x < y,
      decidable.by_cases
      (assume H' : y < x, decidable.inr (ne.symm (ne_of_lt H')))
      (assume H' : ¬ y < x,
        decidable.inl (le.antisymm (le_of_not_gt H') (le_of_not_gt H))))

  definition discrete_linear_ordered_field.to_discrete_field [trans-instance] [reducible] [coercion]
     :  discrete_field A :=
     ⦃ discrete_field, s, has_decidable_eq := dec_eq_of_dec_lt⦄

    theorem pos_of_div_pos (H : 0 < 1 / a) : 0 < a :=
    have H1 : 0 < 1 / (1 / a), from div_pos_of_pos H,
    have H2 : 1 / a ≠ 0, from
      (assume H3 : 1 / a = 0,
      have H4 : 1 / (1 / a) = 0, from H3⁻¹ ▸ div_zero,
      absurd H4 (ne.symm (ne_of_lt H1))),
    (div_div (ne_zero_of_one_div_ne_zero H2)) ▸ H1

  theorem neg_of_div_neg (H : 1 / a < 0) : a < 0 :=
    have H1 : 0 < - (1 / a), from neg_pos_of_neg H,
    have Ha : a ≠ 0, from ne_zero_of_one_div_ne_zero (ne_of_lt H),
    have H2 : 0 < 1 / (-a), from (one_div_neg_eq_neg_one_div Ha)⁻¹ ▸ H1,
    have H3 : 0 < -a, from pos_of_div_pos H2,
    neg_of_neg_pos H3

-- why is mul_le_mul under ordered_ring namespace?
  theorem le_of_div_le (H : 0 < a) (Hl : 1 / a ≤ 1 / b) : b ≤ a :=
    have Hb : 0 < b, from pos_of_div_pos (calc
      0   < 1 / a : div_pos_of_pos H
      ... ≤ 1 / b : Hl),
    have H' : 1 ≤ a / b, from (calc
      1   = a / a       : div_self (ne.symm (ne_of_lt H))
      ... = a * (1 / a) :  div_eq_mul_one_div
      ... ≤ a * (1 / b) : ordered_ring.mul_le_mul_of_nonneg_left Hl (le_of_lt H)
      ... = a / b       : div_eq_mul_one_div
      ), le_of_one_le_div Hb H'


  theorem le_of_div_le_neg (H : b < 0) (Hl : 1 / a ≤ 1 / b) : b ≤ a :=
    assert Ha : a ≠ 0, from ne_of_lt (neg_of_div_neg (calc
      1 / a ≤ 1 / b : Hl
        ... < 0     : div_neg_of_neg H)),
    have H'   : -b > 0,                from neg_pos_of_neg H,
    have Hl'  : - (1 / b) ≤ - (1 / a), from neg_le_neg Hl,
    have Hl'' : 1 / - b ≤ 1 / - a,     from calc
      1 / -b = - (1 / b) : by rewrite [one_div_neg_eq_neg_one_div (ne_of_lt H)]
         ... ≤ - (1 / a) : Hl'
         ... = 1 / -a    : by rewrite [one_div_neg_eq_neg_one_div Ha],
    le_of_neg_le_neg (le_of_div_le H' Hl'')

  theorem lt_of_div_lt (H : 0 < a) (Hl : 1 / a < 1 / b) : b < a :=
    have Hb : 0 < b, from pos_of_div_pos (calc
      0   < 1 / a : div_pos_of_pos H
      ... < 1 / b : Hl),
    have H : 1 < a / b, from (calc
      1   = a / a       : div_self (ne.symm (ne_of_lt H))
      ... = a * (1 / a) : div_eq_mul_one_div
      ... < a * (1 / b) : mul_lt_mul_of_pos_left Hl H
      ... = a / b       : div_eq_mul_one_div),
      lt_of_one_lt_div Hb H


  theorem lt_of_div_lt_neg (H : b < 0) (Hl : 1 / a < 1 / b) : b < a :=
    have H1 : b ≤ a, from le_of_div_le_neg H (le_of_lt Hl),
    have Hn : b ≠ a, from
      (assume Hn' : b = a,
      have Hl' : 1 / a = 1 / b, from Hn' ▸ refl _,
      absurd Hl' (ne_of_lt Hl)),
    lt_of_le_of_ne H1 Hn


  theorem div_lt_div_of_lt (Ha : 0 < a) (H : a < b) : 1 / b < 1 / a :=
    lt_of_not_ge
      (assume H',
      absurd H (not_lt_of_ge (le_of_div_le Ha H')))

  theorem div_le_div_of_le (Ha : 0 < a) (H : a ≤ b) : 1 / b ≤ 1 / a :=
    le_of_not_gt
      (assume H',
      absurd H (not_le_of_gt (lt_of_div_lt Ha H')))

  theorem div_lt_div_of_lt_neg (Hb : b < 0) (H : a < b) : 1 / b < 1 / a :=
    lt_of_not_ge
      (assume H',
      absurd H (not_lt_of_ge (le_of_div_le_neg Hb H')))

  theorem div_le_div_of_le_neg (Hb : b < 0) (H : a ≤ b) : 1 / b ≤ 1 / a :=
    le_of_not_gt
      (assume H',
      absurd H (not_le_of_gt (lt_of_div_lt_neg Hb H')))


  theorem one_lt_div (H1 : 0 < a) (H2 : a < 1) : 1 < 1 / a :=
    one_div_one ▸ div_lt_div_of_lt H1 H2

  theorem one_le_div (H1 : 0 < a) (H2 : a ≤ 1) : 1 ≤ 1 / a :=
    one_div_one ▸ div_le_div_of_le H1 H2

  theorem neg_one_lt_div_neg (H1 : a < 0) (H2 : -1 < a) : 1 / a < -1 :=
    one_div_neg_one_eq_neg_one ▸ div_lt_div_of_lt_neg H1 H2

  theorem neg_one_le_div_neg (H1 : a < 0) (H2 : -1 ≤ a) : 1 / a ≤ -1 :=
    one_div_neg_one_eq_neg_one ▸ div_le_div_of_le_neg H1 H2

  theorem div_lt_div_of_pos_of_lt_of_pos (Hb : 0 < b) (H : b < a) (Hc : 0 < c) : c / a < c / b :=
    begin
      apply iff.mp (sub_neg_iff_lt _ _),
      rewrite [div_eq_mul_one_div, {c / b}div_eq_mul_one_div],
      rewrite -mul_sub_left_distrib,
      apply mul_neg_of_pos_of_neg,
      exact Hc,
      apply iff.mpr (sub_neg_iff_lt _ _),
      apply div_lt_div_of_lt,
      exact Hb, exact H
    end

  theorem abs_one_div : abs (1 / a) = 1 / abs a :=
    if H : a > 0 then
      by rewrite [abs_of_pos H, abs_of_pos (div_pos_of_pos H)]
    else
      (if H' : a < 0 then
          by rewrite [abs_of_neg H', abs_of_neg (div_neg_of_neg H'),
                         -(one_div_neg_eq_neg_one_div (ne_of_lt H'))]
       else
         have Heq [visible] : a = 0, from eq_of_le_of_ge (le_of_not_gt H) (le_of_not_gt H'),
         by rewrite [Heq, div_zero, *abs_zero, div_zero])

  theorem ge_sub_of_abs_sub_le_left (H : abs (a - b) ≤ c) : a ≥ b - c :=
    if Hz : 0 ≤ a - b then
      (calc
        a ≥ b : (iff.mp !sub_nonneg_iff_le) Hz
      ... ≥ b - c : sub_le_of_nonneg _ _ (le.trans !abs_nonneg H))
    else
      (have Habs : b - a ≤ c, by rewrite [abs_of_neg (lt_of_not_ge Hz) at H, neg_sub at H]; apply H,
       have Habs' : b ≤ c + a, from (iff.mpr !le_add_iff_sub_right_le) Habs,
       (iff.mp !le_add_iff_sub_left_le) Habs')

  theorem ge_sub_of_abs_sub_le_right (H : abs (a - b) ≤ c) : b ≥ a - c :=
    ge_sub_of_abs_sub_le_left (!abs_sub ▸ H)

  theorem abs_sub_square : abs (a - b) * abs (a - b) = a * a + b * b - 2 * a * b :=
    by rewrite [abs_mul_self, *mul_sub_left_distrib, *mul_sub_right_distrib,
             sub_add_eq_sub_sub, sub_neg_eq_add, *right_distrib, sub_add_eq_sub_sub, *one_mul,
             *add.assoc, {_ + b * b}add.comm, {_ + (b * b + _)}add.comm, mul.comm b a, *add.assoc]

end discrete_linear_ordered_field
end algebra