The main motivation is that we will be able to move equalities between universes.
For example, suppose we have
A : (Type i)
B : (Type i)
H : @eq (Type j) A B
where j > i
We didn't find any trick for deducing (@eq (Type i) A B) from H.
Before this commit, heterogeneous equality as a constant with type
heq : {A B : (Type U)} : A -> B -> Bool
So, from H, we would only be able to deduce
(@heq (Type j) (Type j) A B)
Not being able to move the equality back to a smaller universe is
problematic in several cases. I list some instances in the end of the commit message.
With this commit, Heterogeneous equality is a special kind of expression.
It is not a constant anymore. From H, we can deduce
H1 : A == B
That is, we are essentially "erasing" the universes when we move to heterogeneous equality.
Now, since A and B have (Type i), we can deduce (@eq (Type i) A B) from H1. The proof term is
(to_eq (Type i) A B (to_heq (Type j) A B H)) : (@eq (Type i) A B)
So, it remains to explain why we need this feature.
For example, suppose we want to state the Pi extensionality axiom.
axiom hpiext {A A' : (Type U)} {B : A → (Type U)} {B' : A' → (Type U)} :
A = A' → (∀ x x', x == x' → B x == B' x') → (∀ x, B x) == (∀ x, B' x)
This axiom produces an "inflated" equality at (Type U) when we treat heterogeneous
equality as a constant. The conclusion
(∀ x, B x) == (∀ x, B' x)
is syntax sugar for
(@heq (Type U) (Type U) (∀ x : A, B x) (∀ x : A', B' x))
Even if A, A', B, B' live in a much smaller universe.
As I described above, it doesn't seem to be a way to move this equality back to a smaller universe.
So, if we wanted to keep the heterogeneous equality as a constant, it seems we would
have to support axiom schemas. That is, hpiext would be parametrized by the universes where
A, A', B and B'. Another possibility would be to have universe polymorphism like Agda.
None of the solutions seem attractive.
So, we decided to have heterogeneous equality as a special kind of expression.
And use the trick above to move equalities back to the right universe.
BTW, the parser is not creating the new heterogeneous equalities yet.
Moreover, kernel.lean still contains a constant name heq2 that is the heterogeneous
equality as a constant.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
Unification constraints of the form
ctx |- ?m[inst:i v] == T
and
ctx |- (?m a1 ... an) == T
are delayed by elaborator because the produce case-splits.
On the other hand, the step that puts terms is head-normal form is eagerly applied.
This is a bad idea for constraints like the two above. The elaborator will put T in head normal form
before executing process_meta_app and process_meta_inst. This is just wasted work, and creates
fully unfolded terms for solvers and provers.
The new test demonstrates the problem. In this test, we mark several terms as non-opaque.
Without this commit, the produced goal is a huge term.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
Projections build more general solutions. This commit also adds a test that demonstrates the issue. Before this commit, the elaborator would produce the "constant" predicate (fun x, a + b = b + a).
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The example tests/lua/simp1.lua demonstrates the issue.
The higher-order matcher matches closed terms that are definitionally equal.
So, given a definition
definition a := 1
it will match 'a' with '1' since they are definitionally equal.
Then, if we have a theorem
theorem a_eq_1 : a = 1
as a rewrite rule, it was triggering the following infinite loop when simplifying the expression "a"
a --> 1 --> 1 --> 1 ...
The first simplification is expected. The other ones are not.
The problem is that "1" is definitionally equal to "a", and they match.
The rewrite_rule_set manager accepts the rule a --> 1 since the left-hand-side does not occur in the right-hand-side.
To avoid this loop, we test if the new expression is not equal to the previous one.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
Convertability constraints are harder to solve than equality constraints, and it seems they don't buy us anything definitions. They are just increasing the search space for the elaborator.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
Now, we are again using the following invariant for simplifier_fn::result
The type of in the equality of the result is definitionally equal to the
type of the resultant expression.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
For example, in the hpiext axiom, the resultant equality if for (Type M+1)
axiom hpiext {A A' : TypeM} {B : A -> TypeM} {B' : A' -> TypeM} :
A = A' -> (∀ x x', x == x' -> B x = B' x') -> (∀ x, B x) = (∀ x, B' x)
even if the actual arguments A, A’, B, B’ "live" in a much smaller universe (e.g., Type).
So, it would be great if we could move the resultant equality back to the right universe.
I don't see how to do it right now.
The other solution would require a major rewrite of the code base.
We would have to support universe level arguments like Agda, and write the axiom hpiext as:
axiom hpiext {l : level} {A A' : (Type l)} {B : A -> (Type l)} {B' : A' -> (Type l)} :
A = A' -> (∀ x x', x == x' -> B x = B' x') -> (∀ x, B x) = (∀ x, B' x)
This is the first instance I found where it is really handy to have this feature.
I think this would be a super clean solution, but it would require a big rewrite in the code base.
Another problem is that the actual semantics that Agda has for this kind of construction is not clear to me.
For instance, sometimes Agda reports that the type of an expression is (Set omega).
An easier to implement hack is to support "axiom templates".
We create instances of hipext "on-demand" for different universe levels.
This is essentially what Coq does, since the universe levels are implicit in Coq.
This is not as clean as the Agda approach, but it is much easier to implement.
A super dirty trick is to include some instances of hpiext for commonly used universes
(e.g., Type and (Type 1)).
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The optimization was incorrect if the term indirectly contained a metavariable.
It could happen if the term contained a free variable that was assigned in the context to a term containing a metavariable.
This commit also adds a new test that exposes the problem.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
Before this commit, the elaborator was solving constraints of the form
ctx |- (?m x) == (f x)
as
?m <- (fun x : A, f x) where A is the domain of f.
In our kernel, the terms f and (fun x, f x) are not definitionally equal.
So, the solution above is not the only one. Another possible solution is
?m <- f
Depending of the circumstances we want ?m <- (fun x : A, f x) OR ?m <- f.
For example, when Lean is elaborating the eta-theorem in kernel.lean, the first solution should be used:
?m <- (fun x : A, f x)
When we are elaborating the axiom_of_choice theorem, we need to use the second one:
?m <- f
Of course, we can always provide the parameters explicitly and bypass the elaborator.
However, this goes against the idea that the elaborator can do mechanical steps for us.
This commit addresses this issue by creating a case-split
?m <- (fun x : A, f x)
OR
?m <- f
Another solution is to implement eta-expanded normal forms in the Kernel.
With this change, we were able to cleanup the following "hacks" in kernel.lean:
@eps_ax A (nonempty_ex_intro H) P w Hw
@axiom_of_choice A B P H
where we had to explicitly provided the implicit arguments
This commit also improves the imitation step for Pi-terms that are actually arrows.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
It is not incorrect to use size, but it can easily overflow due to sharing.
The following script demonstrates the problem:
local f = Const("f")
local a = Const("a")
function mk_shared(d)
if d == 0 then
return a
else
local c = mk_shared(d-1)
return f(c, c)
end
end
print(mk_shared(33):size())
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
It now can handle (?m t) where t is not a locally bound variable, but ?m and all free variables in t are assigned.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
