Spectral/homotopy/spectrum.hlean

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/-
Copyright (c) 2016 Michael Shulman. All rights reserved.
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
Authors: Michael Shulman, Floris van Doorn
-/
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import homotopy.LES_of_homotopy_groups .splice ..colim types.pointed2 .EM ..pointed_pi .smash_adjoint
open eq nat int susp pointed pmap sigma is_equiv equiv fiber algebra trunc trunc_index pi group
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seq_colim succ_str EM EM.ops
/---------------------
Basic definitions
---------------------/
/- The basic definitions of spectra and prespectra make sense for any successor-structure. -/
structure gen_prespectrum (N : succ_str) :=
(deloop : N → Type*)
(glue : Π(n:N), (deloop n) →* (Ω (deloop (S n))))
attribute gen_prespectrum.deloop [coercion]
structure is_spectrum [class] {N : succ_str} (E : gen_prespectrum N) :=
(is_equiv_glue : Πn, is_equiv (gen_prespectrum.glue E n))
attribute is_spectrum.is_equiv_glue [instance]
structure gen_spectrum (N : succ_str) :=
(to_prespectrum : gen_prespectrum N)
(to_is_spectrum : is_spectrum to_prespectrum)
attribute gen_spectrum.to_prespectrum [coercion]
attribute gen_spectrum.to_is_spectrum [instance]
-- Classically, spectra and prespectra use the successor structure +.
-- But we will use + instead, to reduce case analysis later on.
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abbreviation prespectrum := gen_prespectrum +
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definition prespectrum.mk (Y : → Type*) (e : Π(n : ), Y n →* Ω (Y (n+1))) : prespectrum :=
gen_prespectrum.mk Y e
abbreviation spectrum := gen_spectrum +
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abbreviation spectrum.mk (Y : → Type*) (e : Π(n : ), Y n ≃* Ω (Y (n+1))) : prespectrum :=
gen_spectrum.mk Y e
namespace spectrum
definition glue {{N : succ_str}} := @gen_prespectrum.glue N
--definition glue := (@gen_prespectrum.glue +)
definition equiv_glue {N : succ_str} (E : gen_prespectrum N) [H : is_spectrum E] (n:N) : (E n) ≃* (Ω (E (S n))) :=
pequiv_of_pmap (glue E n) (is_spectrum.is_equiv_glue E n)
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definition equiv_glue2 (Y : spectrum) (n : ) : Ω (Ω (Y (n+2))) ≃* Y n :=
begin
refine (!equiv_glue ⬝e* loop_pequiv_loop (!equiv_glue ⬝e* loop_pequiv_loop _))⁻¹ᵉ*,
refine pequiv_of_eq (ap Y _),
exact add.assoc n 1 1
end
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-- a square when we compose glue with transporting over a path in N
definition glue_ptransport {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) {n n' : N} (p : n = n') :
glue X n' ∘* ptransport X p ~* Ω→ (ptransport X (ap S p)) ∘* glue X n :=
by induction p; exact !pcompose_pid ⬝* !pid_pcompose⁻¹* ⬝* pwhisker_right _ !ap1_pid⁻¹*
-- Sometimes an -indexed version does arise naturally, however, so
-- we give a standard way to extend an -indexed (pre)spectrum to a
-- -indexed one.
definition psp_of_nat_indexed [constructor] (E : gen_prespectrum +) : gen_prespectrum + :=
gen_prespectrum.mk
(λ(n:), match n with
| of_nat k := E k
| neg_succ_of_nat k := Ω[succ k] (E 0)
end)
begin
intros n, cases n with n n: esimp,
{ exact (gen_prespectrum.glue E n) },
cases n with n,
{ exact (pid _) },
{ exact (pid _) }
end
definition is_spectrum_of_nat_indexed [instance] (E : gen_prespectrum +) [H : is_spectrum E] : is_spectrum (psp_of_nat_indexed E) :=
begin
apply is_spectrum.mk, intros n, cases n with n n: esimp,
{ apply is_spectrum.is_equiv_glue },
cases n with n: apply is_equiv_id
end
protected definition of_nat_indexed (E : gen_prespectrum +) [H : is_spectrum E] : spectrum
:= spectrum.mk (psp_of_nat_indexed E) (is_spectrum_of_nat_indexed E)
-- In fact, a (pre)spectrum indexed on any pointed successor structure
-- gives rise to one indexed on +, so in this sense + is a
-- "universal" successor structure for indexing spectra.
definition succ_str.of_nat {N : succ_str} (z : N) : → N
| succ_str.of_nat zero := z
| succ_str.of_nat (succ k) := S (succ_str.of_nat k)
definition psp_of_gen_indexed [constructor] {N : succ_str} (z : N) (E : gen_prespectrum N) : gen_prespectrum + :=
psp_of_nat_indexed (gen_prespectrum.mk (λn, E (succ_str.of_nat z n)) (λn, gen_prespectrum.glue E (succ_str.of_nat z n)))
definition is_spectrum_of_gen_indexed [instance] {N : succ_str} (z : N) (E : gen_prespectrum N) [H : is_spectrum E]
: is_spectrum (psp_of_gen_indexed z E) :=
begin
apply is_spectrum_of_nat_indexed, apply is_spectrum.mk, intros n, esimp, apply is_spectrum.is_equiv_glue
end
protected definition of_gen_indexed [constructor] {N : succ_str} (z : N) (E : gen_spectrum N) : spectrum :=
spectrum.mk (psp_of_gen_indexed z E) (is_spectrum_of_gen_indexed z E)
-- Generally it's easiest to define a spectrum by giving 'equiv's
-- directly. This works for any indexing succ_str.
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protected definition MK [constructor] {N : succ_str} (deloop : N → Type*)
(glue : Π(n:N), (deloop n) ≃* (Ω (deloop (S n)))) : gen_spectrum N :=
gen_spectrum.mk (gen_prespectrum.mk deloop (λ(n:N), glue n))
(begin
apply is_spectrum.mk, intros n, esimp,
apply pequiv.to_is_equiv -- Why doesn't typeclass inference find this?
end)
-- Finally, we combine them and give a way to produce a (-)spectrum from a -indexed family of 'equiv's.
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protected definition Mk [constructor] (deloop : → Type*)
(glue : Π(n:), (deloop n) ≃* (Ω (deloop (nat.succ n)))) : spectrum :=
spectrum.of_nat_indexed (spectrum.MK deloop glue)
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------------------------------
-- Maps and homotopies of (pre)spectra
------------------------------
-- These make sense for any succ_str.
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structure smap {N : succ_str} (E F : gen_prespectrum N) :=
(to_fun : Π(n:N), E n →* F n)
(glue_square : Π(n:N), glue F n ∘* to_fun n ~* Ω→ (to_fun (S n)) ∘* glue E n)
open smap
infix ` →ₛ `:30 := smap
attribute smap.to_fun [coercion]
-- A version of 'glue_square' in the spectrum case that uses 'equiv_glue'
definition sglue_square {N : succ_str} {E F : gen_spectrum N} (f : E →ₛ F) (n : N)
: equiv_glue F n ∘* f n ~* Ω→ (f (S n)) ∘* equiv_glue E n
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-- I guess this manual eta-expansion is necessary because structures lack definitional eta?
:= phomotopy.mk (glue_square f n) (to_homotopy_pt (glue_square f n))
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definition sid {N : succ_str} (E : gen_spectrum N) : E →ₛ E :=
smap.mk (λn, pid (E n))
(λn, calc glue E n ∘* pid (E n) ~* glue E n : pcompose_pid
... ~* pid (Ω(E (S n))) ∘* glue E n : pid_pcompose
... ~* Ω→(pid (E (S n))) ∘* glue E n : pwhisker_right (glue E n) ap1_pid⁻¹*)
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definition scompose {N : succ_str} {X Y Z : gen_prespectrum N} (g : Y →ₛ Z) (f : X →ₛ Y) : X →ₛ Z :=
smap.mk (λn, g n ∘* f n)
(λn, calc glue Z n ∘* to_fun g n ∘* to_fun f n
~* (glue Z n ∘* to_fun g n) ∘* to_fun f n : passoc
... ~* (Ω→(to_fun g (S n)) ∘* glue Y n) ∘* to_fun f n : pwhisker_right (to_fun f n) (glue_square g n)
... ~* Ω→(to_fun g (S n)) ∘* (glue Y n ∘* to_fun f n) : passoc
... ~* Ω→(to_fun g (S n)) ∘* (Ω→ (f (S n)) ∘* glue X n) : pwhisker_left (Ω→(to_fun g (S n))) (glue_square f n)
... ~* (Ω→(to_fun g (S n)) ∘* Ω→(f (S n))) ∘* glue X n : passoc
... ~* Ω→(to_fun g (S n) ∘* to_fun f (S n)) ∘* glue X n : pwhisker_right (glue X n) (ap1_pcompose _ _))
infixr ` ∘ₛ `:60 := scompose
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definition szero [constructor] {N : succ_str} (E F : gen_prespectrum N) : E →ₛ F :=
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smap.mk (λn, pconst (E n) (F n))
(λn, calc glue F n ∘* pconst (E n) (F n) ~* pconst (E n) (Ω(F (S n))) : pcompose_pconst
... ~* pconst (Ω(E (S n))) (Ω(F (S n))) ∘* glue E n : pconst_pcompose
... ~* Ω→(pconst (E (S n)) (F (S n))) ∘* glue E n : pwhisker_right (glue E n) (ap1_pconst _ _))
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definition stransport [constructor] {N : succ_str} {A : Type} {a a' : A} (p : a = a')
(E : A → gen_prespectrum N) : E a →ₛ E a' :=
smap.mk (λn, ptransport (λa, E a n) p)
begin
intro n, induction p,
exact !pcompose_pid ⬝* !pid_pcompose⁻¹* ⬝* pwhisker_right _ !ap1_pid⁻¹*,
end
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structure shomotopy {N : succ_str} {E F : gen_prespectrum N} (f g : E →ₛ F) :=
(to_phomotopy : Πn, f n ~* g n)
(glue_homotopy : Πn, pwhisker_left (glue F n) (to_phomotopy n) ⬝* glue_square g n
= -- Ideally this should be a "phomotopy2"
glue_square f n ⬝* pwhisker_right (glue E n) (ap1_phomotopy (to_phomotopy (S n))))
infix ` ~ₛ `:50 := shomotopy
------------------------------
-- Suspension prespectra
------------------------------
-- This should probably go in 'susp'
definition psuspn : → Type* → Type*
| psuspn 0 X := X
| psuspn (succ n) X := psusp (psuspn n X)
-- Suspension prespectra are one that's naturally indexed on the natural numbers
definition psp_susp (X : Type*) : gen_prespectrum + :=
gen_prespectrum.mk (λn, psuspn n X) (λn, loop_psusp_unit (psuspn n X))
/- Truncations -/
-- We could truncate prespectra too, but since the operation
-- preserves spectra and isn't "correct" acting on prespectra
-- without spectrifying them first anyway, why bother?
definition strunc (k : ℕ₋₂) (E : spectrum) : spectrum :=
spectrum.Mk (λ(n:), ptrunc (k + n) (E n))
(λ(n:), (loop_ptrunc_pequiv (k + n) (E (succ n)))⁻¹ᵉ*
∘*ᵉ (ptrunc_pequiv_ptrunc (k + n) (equiv_glue E (int.of_nat n))))
/---------------------
Homotopy groups
---------------------/
-- Here we start to reap the rewards of using -indexing: we can
-- read off the homotopy groups without any tedious case-analysis of
-- n. We increment by 2 in order to ensure that they are all
-- automatically abelian groups.
definition shomotopy_group (n : ) (E : spectrum) : AbGroup := πag[2] (E (2 - n))
notation `πₛ[`:95 n:0 `]`:0 := shomotopy_group n
definition shomotopy_group_fun (n : ) {E F : spectrum} (f : E →ₛ F) :
πₛ[n] E →g πₛ[n] F :=
π→g[2] (f (2 - n))
notation `πₛ→[`:95 n:0 `]`:0 := shomotopy_group_fun n
/-------------------------------
Cotensor of spectra by types
-------------------------------/
-- Makes sense for any indexing succ_str. Could be done for
-- prespectra too, but as with truncation, why bother?
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definition sp_cotensor [constructor] {N : succ_str} (A : Type*) (B : gen_spectrum N) : gen_spectrum N :=
spectrum.MK (λn, ppmap A (B n))
(λn, (loop_ppmap_commute A (B (S n)))⁻¹ᵉ* ∘*ᵉ (pequiv_ppcompose_left (equiv_glue B n)))
----------------------------------------
-- Sections of parametrized spectra
----------------------------------------
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definition spi [constructor] {N : succ_str} (A : Type*) (E : A -> gen_spectrum N) : gen_spectrum N :=
spectrum.MK (λn, Π*a, E a n)
(λn, !ppi_loop_pequiv⁻¹ᵉ* ∘*ᵉ ppi_pequiv_right (λa, equiv_glue (E a) n))
/-----------------------------------------
Fibers and long exact sequences
-----------------------------------------/
definition sfiber {N : succ_str} {X Y : gen_spectrum N} (f : X →ₛ Y) : gen_spectrum N :=
spectrum.MK (λn, pfiber (f n))
(λn, (loop_pfiber (f (S n)))⁻¹ᵉ* ∘*ᵉ pfiber_pequiv_of_square _ _ (sglue_square f n))
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/- the map from the fiber to the domain -/
definition spoint {N : succ_str} {X Y : gen_spectrum N} (f : X →ₛ Y) : sfiber f →ₛ X :=
smap.mk (λn, ppoint (f n))
begin
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intro n,
refine _ ⬝* !passoc,
refine _ ⬝* pwhisker_right _ !ppoint_loop_pfiber_inv⁻¹*,
rexact (pfiber_pequiv_of_square_ppoint (equiv_glue X n) (equiv_glue Y n) (sglue_square f n))⁻¹*
end
definition scompose_spoint {N : succ_str} {X Y : gen_spectrum N} (f : X →ₛ Y)
: f ∘ₛ spoint f ~ₛ szero (sfiber f) Y :=
begin
fapply shomotopy.mk,
{ intro n, exact pcompose_ppoint (f n) },
{ intro n, exact sorry }
end
definition equiv_glue_neg (X : spectrum) (n : ) : X (2 - succ n) ≃* Ω (X (2 - n)) :=
have H : succ (2 - succ n) = 2 - n, from ap succ !sub_sub⁻¹ ⬝ sub_add_cancel (2-n) 1,
equiv_glue X (2 - succ n) ⬝e* loop_pequiv_loop (pequiv_of_eq (ap X H))
definition π_glue (X : spectrum) (n : ) : π[2] (X (2 - succ n)) ≃* π[3] (X (2 - n)) :=
homotopy_group_pequiv 2 (equiv_glue_neg X n)
definition πg_glue (X : spectrum) (n : ) : πg[2] (X (2 - succ n)) ≃g πg[3] (X (2 - n)) :=
by rexact homotopy_group_isomorphism_of_pequiv _ (equiv_glue_neg X n)
definition πg_glue_homotopy_π_glue (X : spectrum) (n : ) : πg_glue X n ~ π_glue X n :=
by reflexivity
definition π_glue_square {X Y : spectrum} (f : X →ₛ Y) (n : ) :
π_glue Y n ∘* π→[2] (f (2 - succ n)) ~* π→[3] (f (2 - n)) ∘* π_glue X n :=
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begin
change π→[2] (equiv_glue_neg Y n) ∘* π→[2] (f (2 - succ n)) ~*
π→[2] (Ω→ (f (2 - n))) ∘* π→[2] (equiv_glue_neg X n),
refine homotopy_group_functor_psquare 2 _,
refine !sglue_square ⬝v* ap1_psquare !pequiv_of_eq_commute
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end
section
open chain_complex prod fin group
universe variable u
parameters {X Y : spectrum.{u}} (f : X →ₛ Y)
definition LES_of_shomotopy_groups : chain_complex +3 :=
splice (λ(n : ), LES_of_homotopy_groups (f (2 - n))) (2, 0)
(π_glue Y) (π_glue X) (π_glue_square f)
-- This LES is definitionally what we want:
example (n : ) : LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 0) = πₛ[n] Y := idp
example (n : ) : LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 1) = πₛ[n] X := idp
example (n : ) : LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 2) = πₛ[n] (sfiber f) := idp
example (n : ) : cc_to_fn LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 0) = πₛ→[n] f := idp
example (n : ) : cc_to_fn LES_of_shomotopy_groups (n, 1) = πₛ→[n] (spoint f) := idp
-- the maps are ugly for (n, 2)
definition ab_group_LES_of_shomotopy_groups : Π(v : +3), ab_group (LES_of_shomotopy_groups v)
| (n, fin.mk 0 H) := proof AbGroup.struct (πₛ[n] Y) qed
| (n, fin.mk 1 H) := proof AbGroup.struct (πₛ[n] X) qed
| (n, fin.mk 2 H) := proof AbGroup.struct (πₛ[n] (sfiber f)) qed
| (n, fin.mk (k+3) H) := begin exfalso, apply lt_le_antisymm H, apply le_add_left end
local attribute ab_group_LES_of_shomotopy_groups [instance]
definition is_mul_hom_LES_of_shomotopy_groups :
Π(v : +3), is_mul_hom (cc_to_fn LES_of_shomotopy_groups v)
| (n, fin.mk 0 H) := proof homomorphism.struct (πₛ→[n] f) qed
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| (n, fin.mk 1 H) := proof homomorphism.struct (πₛ→[n] (spoint f)) qed
| (n, fin.mk 2 H) := proof homomorphism.struct
(homomorphism_LES_of_homotopy_groups_fun (f (2 - n)) (1, 2) ∘g πg_glue Y n) qed
| (n, fin.mk (k+3) H) := begin exfalso, apply lt_le_antisymm H, apply le_add_left end
definition is_exact_LES_of_shomotopy_groups : is_exact LES_of_shomotopy_groups :=
begin
apply is_exact_splice, intro n, apply is_exact_LES_of_homotopy_groups,
end
-- In the comments below is a start on an explicit description of the LES for spectra
-- Maybe it's slightly nicer to work with than the above version
definition shomotopy_groups [reducible] : +3 → AbGroup
| (n, fin.mk 0 H) := πₛ[n] Y
| (n, fin.mk 1 H) := πₛ[n] X
| (n, fin.mk k H) := πₛ[n] (sfiber f)
definition shomotopy_groups_fun : Π(v : +3), shomotopy_groups (S v) →g shomotopy_groups v
| (n, fin.mk 0 H) := proof πₛ→[n] f qed
| (n, fin.mk 1 H) := proof πₛ→[n] (spoint f) qed
| (n, fin.mk 2 H) := proof homomorphism_LES_of_homotopy_groups_fun (f (2 - n)) (nat.succ nat.zero, 2) ∘g
πg_glue Y n ∘g (by reflexivity) qed
| (n, fin.mk (k+3) H) := begin exfalso, apply lt_le_antisymm H, apply le_add_left end
--(homomorphism_LES_of_homotopy_groups_fun (f (2 - n)) (1, 2) ∘g πg_glue Y n)
end
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structure sp_chain_complex (N : succ_str) : Type :=
(car : N → spectrum)
(fn : Π(n : N), car (S n) →ₛ car n)
(is_chain_complex : Πn, fn n ∘ₛ fn (S n) ~ₛ szero _ _)
section
variables {N : succ_str} (X : sp_chain_complex N) (n : N)
definition scc_to_car [unfold 2] [coercion] := @sp_chain_complex.car
definition scc_to_fn [unfold 2] : X (S n) →ₛ X n := sp_chain_complex.fn X n
definition scc_is_chain_complex [unfold 2] : scc_to_fn X n ∘ₛ scc_to_fn X (S n) ~ₛ szero _ _
:= sp_chain_complex.is_chain_complex X n
end
/- Mapping spectra -/
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-- note: see also cotensor above
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/- Spectrification -/
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open chain_complex
definition spectrify_type_term {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) (k : ) : Type* :=
Ω[k] (X (n +' k))
definition spectrify_type_fun' {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (k : ) (n : N) :
Ω[k] (X n) →* Ω[k+1] (X (S n)) :=
!loopn_succ_in⁻¹ᵉ* ∘* Ω→[k] (glue X n)
definition spectrify_type_fun {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) (k : ) :
spectrify_type_term X n k →* spectrify_type_term X n (k+1) :=
spectrify_type_fun' X k (n +' k)
definition spectrify_type {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) : Type* :=
pseq_colim (spectrify_type_fun X n)
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/-
Let Y = spectify X. Then
Ω Y (n+1) ≡ Ω colim_k Ω^k X ((n + 1) + k)
... = colim_k Ω^{k+1} X ((n + 1) + k)
... = colim_k Ω^{k+1} X (n + (k + 1))
... = colim_k Ω^k X(n + k)
... ≡ Y n
-/
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definition spectrify_pequiv {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) :
spectrify_type X n ≃* Ω (spectrify_type X (S n)) :=
begin
refine _ ⬝e* !pseq_colim_loop⁻¹ᵉ*,
refine !pshift_equiv ⬝e* _,
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transitivity pseq_colim (λk, spectrify_type_fun' X (succ k) (S n +' k)), rotate 1,
refine pseq_colim_equiv_constant (λn, !ap1_pcompose⁻¹*),
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fapply pseq_colim_pequiv,
{ intro n, apply loopn_pequiv_loopn, apply pequiv_ap X, apply succ_str.add_succ },
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{ intro k, apply to_homotopy,
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refine !passoc⁻¹* ⬝* _, refine pwhisker_right _ (loopn_succ_in_inv_natural (succ k) _) ⬝* _,
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refine !passoc ⬝* _ ⬝* !passoc⁻¹*, apply pwhisker_left,
refine !apn_pcompose⁻¹* ⬝* _ ⬝* !apn_pcompose, apply apn_phomotopy,
exact !glue_ptransport⁻¹* }
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end
definition spectrify [constructor] {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) : gen_spectrum N :=
spectrum.MK (spectrify_type X) (spectrify_pequiv X)
definition gluen {N : succ_str} (X : gen_prespectrum N) (n : N) (k : )
: X n →* Ω[k] (X (n +' k)) :=
by induction k with k f; reflexivity; exact !loopn_succ_in⁻¹ᵉ* ∘* Ω→[k] (glue X (n +' k)) ∘* f
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-- note: the forward map is (currently) not definitionally equal to gluen. Is that a problem?
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definition equiv_gluen {N : succ_str} (X : gen_spectrum N) (n : N) (k : )
: X n ≃* Ω[k] (X (n +' k)) :=
by induction k with k f; reflexivity; exact f ⬝e* loopn_pequiv_loopn k (equiv_glue X (n +' k))
⬝e* !loopn_succ_in⁻¹ᵉ*
definition spectrify_map {N : succ_str} {X : gen_prespectrum N} {Y : gen_spectrum N}
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(f : X →ₛ Y) : X →ₛ spectrify X :=
begin
fapply smap.mk,
{ intro n, exact pinclusion _ 0 },
{ intro n, exact sorry }
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end
definition spectrify.elim {N : succ_str} {X : gen_prespectrum N} {Y : gen_spectrum N}
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(f : X →ₛ Y) : spectrify X →ₛ Y :=
begin
fapply smap.mk,
{ intro n, fapply pseq_colim.elim,
{ intro k, refine !equiv_gluen⁻¹ᵉ* ∘* apn k (f (n +' k)) },
{ intro k, apply to_homotopy, exact sorry }},
{ intro n, exact sorry }
end
/- Tensor by spaces -/
/- Smash product of spectra -/
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open smash
definition smash_prespectrum (X : Type*) (Y : prespectrum) : prespectrum :=
prespectrum.mk (λ z, X ∧ Y z) begin
intro n, refine loop_psusp_pintro (X ∧ Y n) (X ∧ Y (n + 1)) _,
refine _ ∘* (smash_psusp X (Y n))⁻¹ᵉ*,
refine smash_functor !pid _,
refine psusp_pelim (Y n) (Y (n + 1)) _,
exact !glue
end
/- Cofibers and stability -/
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/- The Eilenberg-MacLane spectrum -/
definition EM_spectrum /-[constructor]-/ (G : AbGroup) : spectrum :=
spectrum.Mk (K G) (λn, (loop_EM G n)⁻¹ᵉ*)
end spectrum