The optimization was incorrect if the term indirectly contained a metavariable.
It could happen if the term contained a free variable that was assigned in the context to a term containing a metavariable.
This commit also adds a new test that exposes the problem.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
Before this commit, the elaborator was solving constraints of the form
ctx |- (?m x) == (f x)
as
?m <- (fun x : A, f x) where A is the domain of f.
In our kernel, the terms f and (fun x, f x) are not definitionally equal.
So, the solution above is not the only one. Another possible solution is
?m <- f
Depending of the circumstances we want ?m <- (fun x : A, f x) OR ?m <- f.
For example, when Lean is elaborating the eta-theorem in kernel.lean, the first solution should be used:
?m <- (fun x : A, f x)
When we are elaborating the axiom_of_choice theorem, we need to use the second one:
?m <- f
Of course, we can always provide the parameters explicitly and bypass the elaborator.
However, this goes against the idea that the elaborator can do mechanical steps for us.
This commit addresses this issue by creating a case-split
?m <- (fun x : A, f x)
OR
?m <- f
Another solution is to implement eta-expanded normal forms in the Kernel.
With this change, we were able to cleanup the following "hacks" in kernel.lean:
@eps_ax A (nonempty_ex_intro H) P w Hw
@axiom_of_choice A B P H
where we had to explicitly provided the implicit arguments
This commit also improves the imitation step for Pi-terms that are actually arrows.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
g++ implementation of std::initializer_list has bug.
http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-bugs/2013-06/msg00095.html
This commit memory leaks triggered by this bug.
It also adds minimal tests to expose three different instances of the problem.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
Given a heterogenous equality: a == b
The normalizer will only reduce it if a and b are objects of the same kind.
Now, 1 == true is not reduced to false anymore.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The universe constraint manager is more flexible now.
We don't need to start with a huge universe U >= 512.
We can start small, and increase it on demand.
If module mod1 needs it, it can always add
universe U >= 3
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
This commit affects different modules.
I used the following approach:
1- I store the metavariable environment at unification_failure_justifications. The idea is to capture the set of instantiated metavariables at the time of failure.
2- I added a remove_detail function. It removes propagation steps from the justification tree object. I also remove the backtracking search space associated with higher-order unificiation. I keep only the search related to case-splits due to coercions and overloads.
3- I use the metavariable environment captured at step 1 when pretty printing the justification of an elaborator_exception.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
This modification improves the effectiveness of the process_metavar_inst procedure in the Lean elaborator.
For example, suppose we have the constraint
ctx |- ?M1[inst:0 ?M2] == a
If ?M1 and ?M2 are unassigned, then we have to consider the two possible solutions:
?M1 == a
or
?M1 == #0 and ?M2 == a
On the other hand, if ?M2 is assigned to b, then we can ignore the second case.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
This commit also adds several new theorems that are useful for implementing the simplifier.
TODO: perhaps we should remove the declarations at basic_thms.h?
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
- The extension does not have to be provided.
- It can also import Lua files.
- Hierachical names can be used instead of strings.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The idea is to allow users to define their own commands using Lua.
The builtin command Find is now written in Lua.
This commit also fixes a bug in the get_formatter() Lua API.
It also adds String arguments to macros.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
After this commit, in the type checker, when checking convertability, we first compute a normal form without expanding opaque terms.
If the terms are convertible, then we are done, and saved a lot of time by not expanding unnecessary definitions.
If they are not, instead of throwing an error, we try again expanding the opaque terms.
This seems to be the best of both worlds.
The opaque flag is a hint for the type checker, but it would never prevent us from type checking a valid term.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The elaborator produces better proof terms. This is particularly important when we have to prove the remaining holes using tactics.
For example, in one of the tests, the elaborator was producing the sub-expression
(λ x : N, if ((λ x::1 : N, if (P a x x::1) ⊥ ⊤) == (λ x : N, ⊤)) ⊥ ⊤)
After, this commit it produces
(λ x : N, ¬ ∀ x::1 : N, ¬ P a x x::1)
The expressions above are definitionally equal, but the second is easier to work with.
Question: do we really need hidden definitions?
Perhaps, we can use only the opaque flag.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
This commit also includes a new test that exposes the problem.
The options in the io_state object were being lost.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The parser had a nasty ambiguity. For example,
f Type 1
had two possible interpretations
(f (Type) (1))
or
(f (Type 1))
To fix this issue, whenever we want to specify a particular universe, we have to precede 'Type' with a parenthesis.
Examples:
(Type 1)
(Type U)
(Type M + 1)
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The elaborator was missing solutions because of the missing condition at is_simple_ho_match.
This commit also adds a new test that exposes the problem.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
This commits also adds a new unit test that demonstrates non-termination due to this kind of constraint.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The "quota" hack used before this commit was inefficient, and too hackish.
This commit uses two lists of constraints: active and delayed.
The delayed constraints are only processed when there are no active constraints.
We use a simple index to quickly find which delayed constraints have assigned metavariables.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
checkpoint
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
This commit also simplifies the method check_pi in the type_checker and type_inferer.
It also fixes process_meta_app in the elaborator.
The problem was in the method process_meta_app and process_meta_inst.
They were processing convertability constrains as equality constraints.
For example, process_meta_app would handle
ctx |- Type << ?f b
as
ctx |- Type =:= ?f b
This is not correct because a ?f that returns (Type U) for b satisfies the first but not the second.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
I also reduced the stack size to 8 Mb in the tests at tests/lean and tests/lean/slow. The idea is to simulate stackoverflow conditions.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
This commit fixes a problem exposed by t13.lean.
It has a theorem of the form:
Theorem T1 (A B : Bool) : A /\ B -> B /\ A :=
fun assumption : A /\ B,
let lemma1 := (show A by auto),
lemma2 := (show B by auto)
in (show B /\ A by auto)
When to_goal creates a goal for the metavariable associated with (show B /\ A by auto) it receives a context and proposition of the form
[ A : Bool, B : Bool, assumption : A /\ B, lemma1 := Conjunct1 assumption, lemma2 := Conjunct2 assumption ] |- B /\ A
The context_entries "lemma1 := Conjunct1 assumption" and "lemma2 := Conjunct2 assumption" do not have a domain (aka type).
Before this commit, to_goal would simply replace and references to "lemma1" and "lemma2" in "B /\ A" with their definitions.
Note that, "B /\ A" does not contain references to "lemma1" and "lemma2". Then, the following goal is created
A : Bool, B : Bool, assumption : A /\ B |- B /\ A
That is, the lemmas are not available when solving B /\ A.
Thus, the tactic auto produced the following (weird) proof for T1, where the lemmas are computed but not used.
Theorem T1 (A B : Bool) (assumption : A ∧ B) : B ∧ A :=
let lemma1 := Conjunct1 assumption,
lemma2 := Conjunct2 assumption
in Conj (Conjunct2 assumption) (Conjunct1 assumption)
This commit fixed that. It computes the types of "Conjunct1 assumption" and "Conjunct2 assumption", and creates the goal
A : Bool, B : Bool, assumption : A /\ B, lemma1 : A, lemma2 : B |- B /\ A
After this commit, the proof for theorem T1 is
Theorem T1 (A B : Bool) (assumption : A ∧ B) : B ∧ A :=
let lemma1 := Conjunct1 assumption,
lemma2 := Conjunct2 assumption
in Conj lemma2 lemma1
as expected.
Finally, this example suggests that the encoding
Theorem T1 (A B : Bool) : A /\ B -> B /\ A :=
fun assumption : A /\ B,
let lemma1 : A := (by auto),
lemma2 : B := (by auto)
in (show B /\ A by auto)
is more efficient than
Theorem T1 (A B : Bool) : A /\ B -> B /\ A :=
fun assumption : A /\ B,
let lemma1 := (show A by auto),
lemma2 := (show B by auto)
in (show B /\ A by auto)
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
This commit improves the condition for showing that an equality(and convertability) constraint cannot be solved. A nice consequence is that Lean produces nicer error messages. For example, the error message for unit test elab1.lean is more informative.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
Remark: on Windows, Ctrl-D does not seem to work.
So, this commit also changes the Lean startup message.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
When using tactics for proving theorems, a common pattern is
Theorem T : <proposition> := _.
apply <tactic>.
...
done.
This commit allows the user to write the simplified form:
Theorem T : <proposition>.
apply <tactic>.
...
done.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
In expression code blocks, we do not have to write a "return".
After this commit, the argument of an apply command is a Lua expression instead of a Lua block of code. That is, we can now write
apply (** REPEAT(ORELSE(imp_tactic, conj_tactic, conj_hyp_tactic, assumption_tactic)) **)
instead of
apply (** return REPEAT(ORELSE(imp_tactic, conj_tactic, conj_hyp_tactic, assumption_tactic)) **)
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
For example, after this commit, we can write
simple_tac = REPEAT(ORELSE(imp_tactic, conj_tactic)) .. assumption_tactic
instead of
simple_tac = REPEAT(ORELSE(imp_tactic(), conj_tactic())) .. assumption_tactic()
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
Before this commit, the elaborator would only assign ?M <- P, if P was normalized. This is bad since normalization may "destroy" the structure of P.
For example, consider the constraint
[a : Bool; b : Bool; c : Bool] ⊢ ?M::1 ≺ implies a (implies b (and a b))
Before this, ?M::1 will not be assigned to the "implies-term" because the "implies-term" is not normalized yet.
So, the elaborator would continue to process the constraint, and convert it into:
[a : Bool; b : Bool; c : Bool] ⊢ ?M::1 ≺ if Bool a (if Bool b (if Bool (if Bool a (if Bool b false true) true) false true) true) true
Now, ?M::1 is assigned to the term
if Bool a (if Bool b (if Bool (if Bool a (if Bool b false true) true) false true) true) true
This is bad, since the original structure was lost.
This commit also contains an example that only works after the commit is applied.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The following call sequence is possible:
C++ -> Lua -> C++ -> Lua -> C++
The first block of C++ is the Lean main function.
The main function invokes the Lua interpreter.
The Lua interpreter invokes a C++ Lean API.
Then the Lean API invokes a callback implemented in Lua.
The Lua callback invokes another Lean API.
Now, suppose the Lean API throws an exception.
We want the C++ exception to propagate over the mixed C++/Lua call stack.
We use the clone/rethrow exception idiom to achieve this goal.
Before this commit, the C++ exceptions were converted into strings
using the method what(), and then they were propagated over the Lua
stack using lua_error. A lua_error was then converted into a lua_exception when going back to C++.
This solution was very unsatisfactory, since all C++ exceptions were being converted into a lua_exception, and consequently the structure of the exception was being lost.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
We need support for recursive locks. The main user of this class is
the environment object. This commit adds a test that demonstrates that
the shared_lock of the environment object may be recursively requested.
Before this fix, the Lean was deadlocking in this example.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The token }} is a bad delimiter for blocks of Lua script code nested in Lean files.
The problem is that the sequence }} occurs very often in Lua code because Lua uses { and } to build tables/lists/arrays.
Here is an example of Lua code that contains the sequence }}
t = {{1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 4}}
In Lean, (* ... *) is used to create comments. Thus, (** ... **) code blocks will not affect
valid Lean files. It also looks reasonably good.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
The problem is that unique names depend on the order compilation units are initialized. The order of initialization is not specified by the C++ standard. Then, different compilers (or even the same compiler) may produce different initialization orders, and consequently the metavariable prefix is going to be different for different builds. This is not a bug, but it makes unit tests to fail since the output produced by different builds is different for the same input file.
Avoiding unique name feature in the default metavariable prefix avoids this problem.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
For example, this feature is useful when displaying the integer value 10 with coercions enabled. In this case, we want to display "nat_to_int 10" instead of "10".
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
It was not a good idea to use heterogeneous equality as the default equality in Lean.
It creates the following problems.
- Heterogeneous equality does not propagate constraints in the elaborator.
For example, suppose that l has type (List Int), then the expression
l = nil
will not propagate the type (List Int) to nil.
- It is easy to write false. For example, suppose x has type Real, and the user
writes x = 0. This is equivalent to false, since 0 has type Nat. The elaborator cannot introduce
the coercion since x = 0 is a type correct expression.
Homogeneous equality does not suffer from the problems above.
We keep heterogeneous equality because it is useful for generating proof terms.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
It is incorrect to apply substitutions during normalization.
The problem is that we do not have support for tracking justifications in the normalizer. So, substitutions were being silently applied during normalization. Thus, the correctness of the conflict resolution in the elaboration was being affected.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
We need that when we normalize the assignment in a metavariable environment.
That is, we replace metavariable in a substitution with other assignments.
Signed-off-by: Leonardo de Moura <leonardo@microsoft.com>
